{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T01:35:29Z","timestamp":1785893729624,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The mechanisms by which\n                    <jats:italic>Enterovirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    D68 (EV-D68) infection leads to acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), a severe neurological condition characterized by sudden muscle weakness and paralysis, remain poorly understood. To investigate the cellular tropism and infection dynamics of EV-D68, we profiled naive and EV-D68-infected human spinal cord organoids (hSCOs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Examining the cellular composition of healthy hSCOs, we found that hSCOs include diverse cell types, including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), and multipotent glial progenitor cells (mGPCs). Upon infection with 2 EV-D68 strains,\n                    <jats:italic>US\/IL\/14-18952<\/jats:italic>\n                    (a B2 strain) and\n                    <jats:italic>US\/MA\/18-23089<\/jats:italic>\n                    (a B3 strain), we observed distinct viral tropism and host transcriptional responses. Notably,\n                    <jats:italic>US\/IL\/14-18952<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed a significant preference for neurons, while\n                    <jats:italic>US\/MA\/18-23089<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited higher rates of infection in cycling astrocytes and OPCs. These findings provide novel insights into the host cell tropism of EV-D68 in the spinal cord, offering insight into the potential mechanisms underlying AFM pathogenesis. Understanding the dynamics of infection at single-cell resolution will inform future therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating the neurological impact of enterovirus infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1698639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T06:35:12Z","timestamp":1763534112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Strain-specific tropism and transcriptional responses of enterovirus D68 infection in human spinal cord organoids"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nath\u00e2nia","family":"D\u00e1billa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Maya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colton","family":"McNinch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor","family":"Eddens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick T.","family":"Dolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan Culler","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0105823","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01058-23","article-title":"Contemporary enterovirus-D68 isolates infect human spinal cord organoids","volume":"14","author":"Aguglia","year":"2023","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2208.151949","article-title":"Enterovirus D68 infection in children with acute flaccid myelitis, Colorado, USA, 2014","volume":"22","author":"Aliabadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100913-013053","article-title":"Astrocyte regulation of synaptic behavior","volume":"30","author":"Allen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/457675a","article-title":"Neuroscience: glia\u2014more than just brain glue","volume":"457","author":"Allen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.09.056","article-title":"Cell biology of astrocyte-synapse interactions","volume":"96","author":"Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01311-w","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic landscape of the developing human spinal cord","volume":"26","author":"Andersen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4848","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.16.4848","article-title":"The mtDNA-encoded ND6 subunit of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase is essential for the assembly of the membrane arm and the respiratory function of the enzyme","volume":"17","author":"Bai","year":"1998","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.250738","article-title":"CCBE1 is essential for mammalian lymphatic vascular development and enhances the lymphangiogenic effect of vascular endothelial growth factor-C in vivo","volume":"109","author":"Bos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01954","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01954-18","article-title":"Contemporary circulating enterovirus D68 strains have acquired the capacity for viral entry and replication in human neuronal cells","volume":"9","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01201","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01201-14","article-title":"Seven strains of enterovirus D68 detected in the United States during the 2014 severe respiratory disease outbreak","volume":"2","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref11","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.244776","article-title":"Contacting in the central nervous system: role in health and disease","volume":"14","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92325","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092325","article-title":"Human astrocytes: secretive profiles of cytokines and chemokines","volume":"9","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12776","article-title":"Astrocytes mediate synapse elimination through MEGF10 and MERTK pathways","volume":"504","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e259131","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.9131","article-title":"Enterovirus D68-associated respiratory illness in children","volume":"8","author":"Clopper","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378694","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1378694","article-title":"Navigating PRKCSH\u2019S impact on cancer: from N-linked glycosylation to death pathway and anti-tumor immunity","volume":"14","author":"Cressey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2004-6-1-204","article-title":"The MAP2\/tau family of microtubule-associated proteins","volume":"6","author":"Dehmelt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.1107","article-title":"Immune function of astrocytes","volume":"36","author":"Dong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-5728(00)00371-4","article-title":"Astrocytes express functional chemokine receptors","volume":"111","author":"Dorf","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neuro"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00966084","article-title":"The structural and functional heterogeneity of glutamic acid decarboxylase: a review","volume":"16","author":"Erlander","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00192","article-title":"The preferential infection of astrocytes by enterovirus 71 plays a key role in the viral neurogenic pathogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2009.12.020","article-title":"Morgana\/chp-1, a ROCK inhibitor involved in centrosome duplication and tumorigenesis","volume":"18","author":"Ferretti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"piae069","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piae069","article-title":"Enterovirus and Par echovirus neurologic infections in children: clinical presentations and neuropath genesis","volume":"14","author":"Freeman","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pediatric Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80778-3","article-title":"Doublecortin is a microtubule-associated protein and is expressed widely by migrating neurons","volume":"23","author":"Gleeson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ra43","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aad0694","article-title":"Identification of GPR83 as the receptor for the neuroendocrine peptide PEN","volume":"9","author":"Gomes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4121","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty407","article-title":"Next strain: real-time tracking of pathogen evolution","volume":"34","author":"Hadfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.048","article-title":"Integrated analysis of multimodal single-cell data","volume":"184","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006199","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006199","article-title":"A mouse model of paralytic myelitis caused by enterovirus D68","volume":"13","author":"Hixon","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0413822","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04138-22","article-title":"Enterovirus D68 VP3 targets the interferon regulatory factor 7 to inhibit type I interferon response","volume":"11","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Micro. Spectr."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-018-2665-x","article-title":"New insights of a neuronal peptidase DINE\/ECEL1: nerve development, nerve regeneration and neurogenic pathogenesis","volume":"44","author":"Kiryu-Seo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1077232024","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1077-23.2024","article-title":"PTPN11\/corkscrew activates local presynaptic mapk signaling to regulate synapsing, synaptic vesicle pools, and neurotransmission strength, with a dual requirement in neurons and glia","volume":"44","author":"Leahy","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10110859","article-title":"Cell cycle-dependent control and roles of DNA topoisomerase II","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes Basel"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0199423","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01994-23","article-title":"Enterovirus D68 3C protease antagonizes type I interferon signaling by cleaving signal transducer and activator of transcription 1","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.12.015","article-title":"MFSD6 is an entry receptor for respiratory enterovirus D68","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.13.13.1717","article-title":"Neurogenin1 and neurogenin2 control two distinct waves of neurogenesis in developing dorsal root ganglia","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1038\/39908","article-title":"Identification and characterization of the vesicular GABA transporter","volume":"389","author":"McIntire","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6745e1","article-title":"Increase in acute flaccid myelitis - United States, 2018","volume":"67","author":"McKay","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.03.111","article-title":"Astrocytes modulate the chemokine network in a pathogen-specific manner","volume":"394","author":"McKimmie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5399","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-09-05399.1994","article-title":"Expression of neuron-specific tubulin defines a novel population in the proliferative layers of the developing telencephalon","volume":"14","author":"Menezes","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24410","article-title":"2014 outbreak of enterovirus D68 in North America","volume":"88","author":"Messacar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e239","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30094-X","article-title":"Enterovirus D68 and acute flaccid myelitis\u2014evaluating the evidence for causality","volume":"18","author":"Messacar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01903","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01903-19","article-title":"Antibodies to enteroviruses in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute flaccid myelitis","volume":"10","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.13.13.1647","article-title":"NeuroD is required for differentiation of the granule cells in the cerebellum and hippocampus","volume":"13","author":"Miyata","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00521","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00521-19","article-title":"Acute flaccid myelitis: something old and something new","volume":"10","author":"Morens","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5098","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00170-16","article-title":"BPIFB6 regulates secretory pathway trafficking and enterovirus replication","volume":"90","author":"Morosky","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2968","article-title":"The orphan receptor Gpr83 regulates systemic energy metabolism via ghrelin-dependent and ghrelin-independent mechanisms","volume":"4","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-023-01456-z","article-title":"The molecular genetics of naval in brain development and disease","volume":"31","author":"Mulligan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32723-9","article-title":"Acute flaccid myelitis: cause, diagnosis, and management","volume":"397","author":"Murphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1999.9278","article-title":"Expression and genetic interaction of transcription factors GATA-2 and GATA-3 during development of the mouse central nervous system","volume":"210","author":"Nardelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Increase in acute respiratory illnesses among children and adolescents associated with rhinoviruses and enteroviruses","author":"Hall","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dev162214","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.162214","article-title":"Three-dimensional induction of dorsal, intermediate and ventral spinal cord tissues from human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"145","author":"Ogura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-09-03024.1997","article-title":"A hierarchy of Hu RNA binding proteins in developing and adult neurons","volume":"17","author":"Okano","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/72059","article-title":"Identification and characterization of the high-affinity choline transporter","volume":"3","author":"Okuda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7029a1","article-title":"Changes in influenza and other respiratory virus activity during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014United States, 2020-2021","volume":"70","author":"Olsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.09.020","article-title":"Hox genes: choreographers in neural development, architects of circuit organization","volume":"80","author":"Philippidou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00184","article-title":"Fgfr3 expression by astrocytes and their precursors: evidence that astrocytes and oligodendrocytes originate in distinct neuro epithelial domains","volume":"130","author":"Pringle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-1830-0_1","article-title":"Morphology of myelin and myelination","volume-title":"Myelin","author":"Raine","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02370","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02370-19","article-title":"Neuro tropism of enterovirus D68 isolates is independent of sialic acid and is not a recently acquired phenotype","volume":"10","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vex042","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vex042","article-title":"Tree Time: maximum-likelihood phylodynamic analysis","volume":"4","author":"Sagulenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.07.037","article-title":"Presenilin-dependent ErbB4 nuclear signaling regulates the timing of astrogenesis in the developing brain","volume":"127","author":"Sardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4773(95)00358-8","article-title":"Expression of the novel murine home box gene Sax-1 in the developing nervous system","volume":"51","author":"Schubert","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0613-1","article-title":"Pan-viral serology implicates enteroviruses in acute flaccid myelitis","volume":"25","author":"Schubert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7047a1","article-title":"Enterovirus D68-associated acute respiratory illness\u2500new vaccine surveillance network, United States, July-November 2018-2020","volume":"70","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a020479","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020479","article-title":"Oligodendrocytes: myelination and axonal support","volume":"8","author":"Simons","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0619-8","article-title":"Astrocytes: biology and pathology","volume":"119","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.259003","article-title":"The Sox9 transcription factor determines glial fate choice in the developing spinal cord","volume":"17","author":"Stolt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.031","article-title":"Comprehensive integration of single-cell data","volume":"177","author":"Stuart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaf057","article-title":"P-1212. Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) incidence and spectrum of illness among children 0-2 years in a U.S. community-based birth cohort in Cincinnati, OH during 2017-2020","volume":"12","author":"Teoh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.039","article-title":"Chromatin and gene-regulatory dynamics of the developing human cerebral cortex at single-cell resolution","volume":"184","author":"Trevino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2118155","article-title":"Enterovirus D68 in the anterior horn cells of a child with acute flaccid myelitis","volume":"386","author":"Vogt","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7916","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.15.7916-7924.2004","article-title":"A mouse-adapted enterovirus 71 strain causes neurological disease in mice after oral infection","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.14.618341","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.10.14.618341","article-title":"Immune cells promote paralytic disease in mice infected with enterovirus D68","author":"Woods Acevedo","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"giaa151","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giaa151","article-title":"SoupX removes ambient RNA contamination from droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing data","volume":"9","author":"Young","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6500","article-title":"Identification of a quality-control factor that monitors failures during proteasome assembly","volume":"373","author":"Zavodszky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14049","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14049","article-title":"Massively parallel digital transcriptional profiling of single cells","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1698639\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T06:35:15Z","timestamp":1763534115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1698639\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1698639"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1698639","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"article-number":"1698639"}}