{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:55:13Z","timestamp":1790283313803,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Phage-antibiotic combinations (PAC) may be effective in eradicating clinical, mostly biofilm-associated, infections. As the efficacy of PAC largely depends on the phage and antibiotic used, such combinations should be screened before their clinical application. Unfortunately, testing the efficacy of PAC on mature biofilms is laborious. This study aimed to assess whether the effects of PAC on biofilm-encased bacteria can be predicted by testing their effects on planktonic counterparts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Methicillin-sensitive\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MSSA, clinical isolate) in mid-logarithmic phase was exposed to (sub)optimal doses of phage ISP combined with antibiotics targeting transcription, protein translation, the cell wall, and the cell membrane. These experiments were followed by studies assessing the effects of up to three daily exposures to PAC on MSSA within seven-day mature biofilms on metal implant mimics. An additional 2-log reduction or an increase in bacterial counts with PAC compared to the most effective single agent (phage or antibiotic) was considered as synergy or antagonism, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to calculate whether the effects of PAC on planktonic bacteria were comparable to the effects on biofilm-encased bacteria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results for planktonic bacteria showed antagonism between ISP and rifampicin or gentamicin, synergism between ISP and ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, or flucloxacillin, and lack of interaction between ISP and daptomycin. Similarly, ISP combined with rifampicin or gentamicin displayed antagonism on biofilm-encased MSSA, whereas ISP and ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, flucloxacillin, or high-dose daptomycin induced synergy. Notably, two to three consecutive daily exposures to PAC were necessary to reduce biofilm-encased MSSA maximally. Testing PAC on planktonic bacteria predicted antagonistic effects on biofilms (area under the curve (AUC)\u2009=\u20090.95), but did not predict synergistic effects (AUC\u2009=\u20090.30) after 3\u2009days of exposure to the respective phage-antibiotic concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Together, PAC testing on planktonic bacteria provides a valuable first-line screening tool for clinicians treating biofilm-associated infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1706083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T06:28:18Z","timestamp":1767335298000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Efficacy prediction of bacteriophage-antibiotic combinations against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms using planktonic bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mari\u00eblle","family":"Verheul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Schonkeren-Ravensbergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva M.","family":"Bus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark G. J.","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob G. H. H.","family":"Nelissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart G.","family":"Pijls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter H.","family":"Nibbering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-020-02873-5","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics and target attainment of ciprofloxacin in critically ill patients","volume":"76","author":"Abdulla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8040182","article-title":"Phage-antibiotic combination treatments: antagonistic impacts of antibiotics on the pharmacodynamics of phage therapy?","volume":"8","author":"Abedon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.6966","volume-title":"Bacteriophages","author":"Adams","year":"1959"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100147","article-title":"Combining phages and antibiotic to enhance antibiofilm efficacy against an in vitro dual species wound biofilm","volume":"6","author":"Akturk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biofilms"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8030103","article-title":"Synergistic action of phage and antibiotics: parameters to enhance the killing efficacy against mono and dual-species biofilms","volume":"8","author":"Akturk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6948.188","article-title":"Statistics notes: diagnostic tests 3: receiver operating characteristic plots","volume":"309","author":"Altman","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-00857-9","article-title":"Scientists rise up against statistical significance","volume":"567","author":"Amrhein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofaa389","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa389","article-title":"Lessons learned from the first 10 consecutive cases of intravenous bacteriophage therapy to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections at a single center in the United States","volume":"7","author":"Aslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/28.3.187","article-title":"Gentamicin and tobramycin binding to human serum in vitro","volume":"28","author":"Bailey","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6084-9","volume-title":"Biofilm infections","author":"Bjarnsholt","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04292.x","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of clindamycin orally and intravenously administered in patients with osteomyelitis","volume":"74","author":"Bouazza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011602","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011602","article-title":"Phage-antibiotic synergy: cell filamentation is a key driver of successful phage predation","volume":"19","author":"Bulssico","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576231","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.576231","article-title":"Antibiotics in bone cements used for prosthesis fixation: an efficient way to prevent Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis prosthetic joint infection","volume":"7","author":"Cara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1309-5","article-title":"Maggot excretions inhibit biofilm formation on biomaterials","volume":"468","author":"Cazander","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.37.6.1771-1776.1999","article-title":"The Calgary biofilm device: new Technology for Rapid Determination of antibiotic susceptibilities of bacterial biofilms","volume":"37","author":"Ceri","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110795","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of phage therapy for bone and joint infections: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Clarke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e012799","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012799","article-title":"STARD 2015 guidelines for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies: explanation and elaboration","volume":"6","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4124","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01121-14","article-title":"When does 2 plus 2 equal 5? A review of antimicrobial synergy testing","volume":"52","author":"Doern","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4820","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.4820","article-title":"Determination of free clindamycin, flucloxacillin or tedizolid in plasma: pay attention to physiological conditions when using ultrafiltration","volume":"34","author":"Dorn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.1998.tb00061.x","article-title":"Methods for the determination of susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial agents. Terminology","volume":"4","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-022-00701-0","article-title":"Rates and predictors of treatment failure in Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic joint infections according to different management strategies: a multinational cohort study-the ARTHR-IS study group","volume":"11","author":"Esp\u00edndola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2023.106999","article-title":"Protein binding investigation of first-line and second-line antituberculosis drugs","volume":"62","author":"Fage","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020499","article-title":"Short-term outcomes of phage-antibiotic combination treatment in adult patients with Periprosthetic hip joint infection","volume":"15","author":"Fedorov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.7860\/jcdr\/2013\/4533.2732","article-title":"The microbiological profiles of infected prosthetic implants with an emphasis on the organisms which form biofilms","volume":"7","author":"Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0199370","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199370","article-title":"In healthy volunteers, taking flucloxacillin with food does not compromise effective plasma concentrations in most circumstances","volume":"13","author":"Gardiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0156131","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156131","article-title":"Defining the active fraction of Daptomycin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using a pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic approach","volume":"11","author":"Garonzik","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S428","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/5.Supplement_3.S428","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of rifampin in humans","volume":"5","author":"Gianni","year":"1983","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01462-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01462-20","article-title":"Phage-antibiotic synergy is driven by a unique combination of antibacterial mechanism of action and stoichiometry","volume":"11","author":"Gu Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/v15041020","article-title":"Current clinical landscape and global potential of bacteriophage therapy","volume":"15","author":"Hitchcock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.12.011","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms","volume":"35","author":"H\u00f8iby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/0471722146.ch5","article-title":"Assessing the fit of the model","volume-title":"Applied logistic regression","author":"Hosmer","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0041122","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00411-22","article-title":"Eradication of biofilm-mediated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in vitro: bacteriophage-antibiotic combination","volume":"10","author":"Kebriaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9987","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53994-9","article-title":"A blueprint for broadly effective bacteriophage-antibiotic cocktails against bacterial infections","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2019.368","article-title":"Peri-prosthetic joint infection of the knee causes high levels of psychosocial distress: a prospective cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Knebel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Infect."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0042724","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00427-24","article-title":"Exploring synergistic and antagonistic interactions in phage-antibiotic combinations against ESKAPE pathogens","volume":"12","author":"Kunz Coyne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0321223","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03212-23","article-title":"Synergistic bactericidal effects of phage-enhanced antibiotic therapy against MRSA biofilms","volume":"12","author":"Kunz Coyne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203491751","volume-title":"Bacteriophages: Biology and applications","author":"Kutter","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.09.014","article-title":"Synergistic combinations of polymyxins","volume":"48","author":"Lenhard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.36.5.993","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic profiles of ciprofloxacin after single intravenous and oral doses","volume":"36","author":"Lettieri","year":"1992","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s44259-024-00046-3","article-title":"Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in biofilms","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3446","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14883","article-title":"Overcoming bacteriophage insensitivity in Staphylococcus aureus using clindamycin and azithromycinat subinhibitory concentrations","volume":"76","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.138.Bjr-2023-0340.R1","article-title":"Repetitive combined doses of bacteriophages and gentamicin protect against Staphylococcus aureus implant-related infections in galleria mellonella","volume":"13","author":"Mannala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bone Joint Res."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.103b2.Bjj-2020-1010.R1","article-title":"The influence of duration of infection on outcome of debridement and implant retention in fracture-related infection","author":"Morgenstern","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Joint J."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2358","article-title":"Bacteriophage therapeutics: a primer for clinicians on phage-antibiotic combinations","volume":"40","author":"Morrisette","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18204","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45405-8","article-title":"Phage activity against Staphylococcus aureus is impaired in plasma and synovial fluid","volume":"13","author":"Mutti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105076","article-title":"Recommended gentamicin peak plasma levels rarely reached, even with recommended dosages","volume":"55","author":"Perrier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Now."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01705-x","article-title":"Personalized bacteriophage therapy outcomes for 100 consecutive cases: a multicentre, multinational, retrospective observational study","volume":"9","author":"Pirnay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2216084120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2216084120","article-title":"Antibiotics that affect translation can antagonize phage infectivity by interfering with the deployment of counter-defenses","volume":"120","author":"Pons","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.04.001","article-title":"Why the P-value culture is bad and confidence intervals a better alternative","volume":"20","author":"Ranstam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-008-0772-x","article-title":"Daptomycin in bone and joint infections: a review of the literature","volume":"129","author":"Rice","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01833876","article-title":"Dicloxacillin and flucloxacillin: pharmacokinetics, protein binding and serum bactericidal titers in healthy subjects after oral administration","volume":"23","author":"R\u00f8der","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofab298","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab298","article-title":"Outcome of debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention for staphylococcal hip and knee prosthetic joint infections, focused on rifampicin use: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Scheper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.105065","article-title":"Prediction of qualitative antibiofilm activity of antibiotics using supervised machine learning techniques","volume":"140","author":"Shaban","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.45.3.649-659.2001","article-title":"Bacteriophage therapy","volume":"45","author":"Sulakvelidze","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.09.006","article-title":"Bacteriophage Sb-1 enhances antibiotic activity against biofilm, degrades exopolysaccharide matrix and targets persisters of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"52","author":"Tkhilaishvili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2015.12.011","article-title":"Evolutionary rationale for phages as complements of antibiotics","volume":"24","author":"Torres-Barcel\u00f3","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.04.027","article-title":"Daptomycin in the treatment of enterococcal bloodstream infections and endocarditis: a EUCAST position paper","volume":"26","author":"Turnidge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145210","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1145210","article-title":"Influence of surface characteristics of implant materials on MRSA biofilm formation and effects of antimicrobial treatment","volume":"14","author":"van Dun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.3390\/v13101898","article-title":"A case of in situ phage therapy against Staphylococcus aureus in a bone allograft Polymicrobial biofilm infection: outcomes and phage-antibiotic interactions","volume":"13","author":"Van Nieuwenhuyse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref60","volume-title":"Evaluation of bacterial viruses and derived products for the control of","author":"Vandersteegen","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24418","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024418","article-title":"Microbiological and molecular assessment of bacteriophage ISP for the control of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"6","author":"Vandersteegen","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v042a03","article-title":"Non-contact induction heating and SAAP-148 eliminate persisters within MRSA biofilms mimicking a metal implant infection","volume":"42","author":"Verheul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Cell. Mater."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65143-9","article-title":"Bacteriophage ISP eliminates Staphylococcus aureus in planktonic phase, but not in the various stages of the biofilm cycle","volume":"14","author":"Verheul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107276","article-title":"Bacteriophages as potential antibiotic potentiators in cystic fibrosis: a new model to study the combination of antibiotics with a bacteriophage cocktail targeting dual species biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2023.111109","article-title":"Fracture-related infection: analysis of healthcare utilisation and associated costs","volume":"54","author":"Woffenden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.12325","article-title":"Immunity of the greater wax moth galleria mellonella","volume":"24","author":"Wojda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01081-09","article-title":"Continuous clindamycin infusion, an innovative approach to treating bone and joint infections","volume":"54","author":"Zeller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2017.12.016","article-title":"Analysis of postoperative and hematogenous prosthetic joint-infection microbiological patterns in a large cohort","volume":"76","author":"Zeller","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01746-18","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01746-18","article-title":"Role of rifampin against staphylococcal biofilm infections in vitro, in animal models, and in orthopedic-device-related infections","volume":"63","author":"Zimmerli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00468\u201321","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00468-21","article-title":"Aminoglycosides antagonize bacteriophage proliferation, attenuating phage suppression of bacterial growth, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance","volume":"87","author":"Zuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1706083\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T06:28:20Z","timestamp":1767335300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1706083\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1706083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1706083","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"article-number":"1706083"}}