{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T05:34:30Z","timestamp":1784352870368,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ER\/FBS\/PHASE-II\/2023\/DR\/MD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ER\/FBS\/PHASE-II\/2023\/DR\/MD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Foodborne infections caused by different pathogens are a perennial public health problem in India. An uncommon enteric pathogen\n                      <jats:italic>Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      has been frequently isolated from the hospitalized diarrheal cases and different food and environmental samples collected from four states in Northeast India. This study was aimed at characterizing\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates to show its etiological importance in public health and also present a review indicating its global prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and detection virulence genes reported from different sources.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, we have screened 6,298 diarrheal stools from hospitalized patients, 12,305 market foods, 4,270 state-specific foods, and 2,130 environmental samples.\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was isolated and identified by routine microbiological methods. Representative isolates were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility, putative virulence-encoding genes by PCR, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Though the isolation rate of\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was low in diarrheal cases (0.4%), its prevalence was detected mostly in environmental samples (3.2%). All the\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates from diarrheal stools showed resistance to doxycycline, erythromycin, and tetracycline. The majority of the\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates from market foods were resistant to nalidixic acid (92.6%), erythromycin (81.5%), tetracycline, and doxycycline (77.8% each). Isolates from state-specific foods showed higher resistance to quinolone\/fluroquinolones, erythromycin, tetracycline, and doxycycline. Meropenem resistance has also been recorded in isolates from market foods and state-specific foods (7.4% and 37.5%, respectively). Of the 15\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates tested in the PCR assay, the majority of them were positive for\n                      <jats:italic>pmfA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and eight other virulence genes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although these genes are responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs), some of them are known to induce diarrhea\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      . WGS analysis has identified SPI-1 for the first time in\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis,<\/jats:italic>\n                      with other virulence genes associated with diarrhea. Considering its presence in several sources, strengthening the One Health approach is important to implement strategies in order to control\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      -mediated infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1708233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T05:31:20Z","timestamp":1767591080000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Description on the prevalence of Proteus mirabilis through an integrated sampling framework for health, food, and environment in Northeast India and an integrative review with reference to one health context"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Goutam","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tapan","family":"Majumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilem","family":"Modi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karma G.","family":"Dolma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suranjana","family":"Chaliha Hazarika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pallab","family":"Sarmah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samaresh","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asish K.","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anup Kumar","family":"Ojha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhuchhanda","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thandavarayan","family":"Ramamurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.112983","article-title":"Hawaijar-an ethnic vegan fermented soybean food of Manipur, India: a comprehensive review","volume":"170","author":"Anand Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. 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