{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T21:57:35Z","timestamp":1778795855164,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Cronobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. are ubiquitous environmental bacteria associated with infections affecting all age groups, with infants and elderly individuals particularly at risk. We investigated the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>Cronobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. in 251 food samples collected in Poland, including raw milk, powdered milk, infant formula, dried herbs and spices, dried teas, and raw vegetables.\n                    <jats:italic>Cronobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains were isolated from 26 samples (10.4%) and classified into five species:\n                    <jats:italic>C. sakazakii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>C. muytjensii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>C. turicensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>C. malonaticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>C. dublinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The isolates were grouped based on sequence variation of the\n                    <jats:italic>fusA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>rpoB<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes, and further differentiated according to their biochemical profiles. The complete nucleotide sequence of\n                    <jats:italic>C. sakazakii<\/jats:italic>\n                    MK_10, a plasmid-rich strain isolated from dried oregano and representing the most prevalent species in the collected strain pool, was obtained. Comparative genomic analysis of MK_10, the first fully sequenced foodborne\n                    <jats:italic>C. sakazakii<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain in Poland, with a clinical strain from a fatal neonatal case revealed the presence of a conserved set of genes associated with pathogenic properties. MK_10 carries three extrachromosomal replicons, including two IncFIB plasmids \u2013 pCS-MK10_P1 (114\u202fkb), representing the pESA3 family of virulence plasmids, and pCS-MK10_P2 (45.9\u202fkb) carrying a copper homeostasis and silver resistance island (CHASRI). Comparative analyses revealed that the structure of the MK_10 chromosome has been shaped by multiple insertion and deletion events, associated mainly with prophages (e.g., a novel intact prophage related to\n                    <jats:italic>Cronobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    phage ENT47670) and other integrative elements. The MK_10 genome contains only two transposable elements: an isoform of insertion sequence IS\n                    <jats:italic>Ehe2<\/jats:italic>\n                    (IS\n                    <jats:italic>3<\/jats:italic>\n                    family) and a non-autonomous Tn\n                    <jats:italic>3<\/jats:italic>\n                    -family transposon of unique structure \u2013 both located within two functional integrative elements (IE), designated IE\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      Csak\n                      <jats:sub>MK10<\/jats:sub>\n                      1\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    (32.3\u202fkb) and IE\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      Csak\n                      <jats:sub>MK10<\/jats:sub>\n                      2\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    (32.4\u202fkb). The identified mobile genetic elements, plasmids, and IEs, harbor genes of adaptive value, which potentially contribute to the strain\u2019s environmental fitness and pathogenic potential.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1713963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T07:18:58Z","timestamp":1766128738000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characterization of Cronobacter spp. isolated from food products in Poland and comparative genomic analysis of Cronobacter sakazakii isolate MK_10 and a clinical strain associated with a fatal neonatal infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dorota","family":"Korsak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Szuplewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Koz\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Krakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cora","family":"Chmielowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Wawrzyniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Ma\u0107kiw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Bartosik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20112180","article-title":"Copper redistribution in murine macrophages in response to Salmonella infection","volume":"444","author":"Achard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. 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