{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T21:46:48Z","timestamp":1769032008079,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The lack of a full automation and control of environmental parameters might result in potential risk of microbial contamination in small-scale production plants such as artisanal cheese and salami Italian productions. In a previous study, genomes of 33\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were sequenced. In the present study, the pathogenicity potential of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains was investigated by: (1) phylogenomic comparison with 202 public genomes of human, animal and environmental Italian origin; (2) pathogenicity assessment of strains with virulence patterns predicting specific\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    pathotypes by using larvae of\n                    <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    as\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection model. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed raw material and not the processing environment as source of salami contamination. Moreover, close proximity of some strains isolated from salami production with wild boar and extraintestinal human public strains was observed suggesting pigs and wild boar as potential reservoirs of pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The virulome of salami strains revealed the presence of genes already described as gene markers of atypical enteropathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (aEPEC;\n                    <jats:italic>bfp<\/jats:italic>\n                    -,\n                    <jats:italic>eae<\/jats:italic>\n                    +). Interestingly the analysis of virulence genes pointed toward additional genomes which showed genetic markers previously described as strongly associated to and\/or extraintestinal pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (ExPEC).\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    experiments, confirmed the higher pathogenicity of strain 5STM5 with genetic pattern corresponding to hybrid aEPEC\/ExPEC and two strains 3CP1522 and 6MB5 of cheese and salami production, respectively, with virulence genes previously associated to ExPEC pathotype. The combined approach pointed toward two genes\n                    <jats:italic>espC<\/jats:italic>\n                    for aEPEC, as well as\n                    <jats:italic>malX<\/jats:italic>\n                    for ExPEC which were significantly enriched in clinical genomes in comparison to genomes of other origins. These genes are worth of future investigations which could help to assess the risk for consumers after the consumption of contaminated artisanal food.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1718380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T06:43:12Z","timestamp":1768977792000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artisanal food of animal origin as reservoir of putative pathogenic Escherichia coli: a combined genomic and in vivo approach"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","family":"Pasquali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum \u2013 University of Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Crippa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum \u2013 University of Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Lucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum \u2013 University of Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Manfreda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum \u2013 University of Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02635-12","article-title":"Autotransporter protein-encoding genes of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli are found in both typical and atypical enteropathogenic E. coli strains","volume":"79","author":"Abreu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Eviron. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_2019_17","article-title":"Surveillance for enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from animal source foods in Northwest Iran","volume":"150","author":"Abri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00429-06","article-title":"Identification of virulence genes linked with diarrhea due to atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli by DNA microarray analysis and PCR","volume":"44","author":"Afset","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2010.08.008","article-title":"General image and attribute perceptions of traditional food in six European countries","volume":"22","author":"Almli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Qual. Prefer."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2011-01621","article-title":"Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli contamination at different stages of the chicken slaughtering process","volume":"90","author":"Alonso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2021.09.011","article-title":"The potential of using E. coli as an indicator for the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment","volume":"64","author":"Anjum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2008.08.005","article-title":"The chicken as a natural model for extraintestinal infections caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC)","volume":"45","author":"Ant\u00e3o","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref8","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1803.111099","article-title":"Chicken as reservoir for extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli in humans","volume":"18","author":"Bergeron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Canada. Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa345","article-title":"ResFinder 4.0 for predictions of phenotypes from genotypes","volume":"75","author":"Bortolaia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-142","article-title":"Virulence gene profiling of enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) and enteropathogenic (EPEC) Escherichia coli strains: a basis for molecular risk assessment of typical and atypical EPEC strains","volume":"11","author":"Bugarel","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D694","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1239","article-title":"VFDB 2016: hierarchical and refined dataset for big data analysis\u201410 years on","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-019-0053-9","article-title":"The chemical and attitudinal differences between commercial and artisanal products","volume":"3","author":"Cirne","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Sci. Food"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12205","DOI":"10.4081\/ijfs.2024.12205","article-title":"Occurrence and genomic characterization of antimicrobial-resistant and potential pathogenic Escherichia coli from Italian artisanal food productions of animal origin","volume":"13","author":"Crippa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ital. J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref15","author":"Criscuolo","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00022-13","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"26","author":"Croxen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.09.009","article-title":"Extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC): disease, carriage and clones","volume":"71","author":"Dale","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Inf. Secur."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0058024","DOI":"10.1128\/mra.00580-24","article-title":"Draft genome sequence of non-pathogenic Escherichia coli 5C LMG S-33222, isolated from healthy donor feces","volume":"13","author":"Di Pierro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Resour. Announc."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D757","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae902","article-title":"EnteroBase in 2025: exploring the genomic epidemiology of bacterial pathogens","volume":"53","author":"Dyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e05017","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.5017","article-title":"ECDC, EFSA and EMA joint scientific opinion on a list of outcome indicators as regards surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial consumption in humans and food-producing animals","volume":"15","year":"2017","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"29\u00b0 Rapporto Italia","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51316-z","article-title":"Immunophenotyping of hemocytes from infected galleria mellonella larvae as an innovative tool for immune profiling, infection studies and drug screening","volume":"14","author":"Gallorini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.5.2573-2585.2005","article-title":"Enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infections: translocation, translocation, translocation","volume":"73","author":"Garmendia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2016.10.015","article-title":"Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli","volume":"47","author":"Gomes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00684-15","article-title":"Murine model of chemotherapy-induced extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli translocation","volume":"83","author":"Green","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syq010","article-title":"New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0","volume":"59","author":"Guindon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01664.x","article-title":"An overview of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"297","author":"Hernandes","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008373","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008373","article-title":"Comparative genomic analysis provides insight into the phylogeny and virulence of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains from Brazil","volume":"14","author":"Hernandes","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1417-5","article-title":"Is Escherichia coli urinary tract infection a zoonosis? Proof of direct link with production animals and meat","volume":"31","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0317874","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317874","article-title":"Occurrence of virulence genes in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from humans, animals, and the environment: one health perspective","volume":"20","author":"James","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101341","article-title":"Surveillance of fresh artisanal cheeses revealed high levels of Listeria monocytogenes contamination in the Department of Quind\u00edo, Colombia","volume":"10","author":"Jaramillo-Bedoya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1086\/340506","article-title":"Epidemiological correlates of virulence genotype and phylogenetic background among Escherichia coli blood isolates from adults with diverse-source bacteremia","volume":"185","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.ESP-0004-2017","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"EcoSal Plus"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-595","article-title":"BIGSdb: scalable analysis of bacterial genome variation at the population level","volume":"11","author":"Jolley","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro818","article-title":"Pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"2","author":"Kaper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1958.10501452","article-title":"Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations","volume":"53","author":"Kaplan","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4930","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.11.4930-4940.2003","article-title":"Association of genomic O island 122 of Escherichia coli EDL 933 with verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli seropathotypes that are linked to epidemic and\/or serious disease","volume":"41","author":"Karmali","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15607","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112224200","article-title":"Cytotoxic necrotizing factor-1 contributes to Escherichia coli K1 invasion of the central nervous system","volume":"277","author":"Khan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700666","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.35.1700666","article-title":"Outbreak of multiple strains of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli associated with rocket salad, Finland, autumn 2016","volume":"23","author":"Kinnula","year":"2018","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5832","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00480-08","article-title":"Genomic O island 122, locus for enterocyte effacement, and the evolution of virulent verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli","volume":"190","author":"Konczy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.21160","article-title":"Pathophysiology of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli during a host infection","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W78","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae268","article-title":"Interactive tree of life (iTOL) v6: recent updates to the phylogenetic tree display and annotation tool","volume":"52","author":"Letunic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00081-12","article-title":"Mutations that impact the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Cpx envelope stress response attenuate virulence in galleria mellonella","volume":"80","author":"Leuko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/152.3.550","article-title":"The diarrheal response of humans to some classic serotypes of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is dependent on a plasmid encoding an enteroadhesiveness factor","volume":"152","author":"Levine","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093149","article-title":"A Diarrhoeagenic Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) infection outbreak that occurred among elementary school children in Gyeongsangbuk-Do Province of South Korea was associated with consumption of water-contaminated food items","volume":"17","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis502","article-title":"Food-borne origins of Escherichia coli causing extraintestinal infections","volume":"55","author":"Manges","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ovac016","DOI":"10.1093\/lambio\/ovac016","article-title":"Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) reservoirs, and antibiotics resistance trends: a one-health surveillance for risk analysis from \"farm-to-fork\"","volume":"76","author":"Meena","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.1.315-324.2001","article-title":"espC pathogenicity island of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli encodes an enterotoxin","volume":"69","author":"Mellies","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782733","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.782733","article-title":"Galleria mellonella as a suitable model of bacterial infection: past, present and future","volume":"11","author":"M\u00e9nard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10040475","article-title":"Hybrid atypical Enteropathogenic and Extraintestinal Escherichia coli (aEPEC\/ExPEC) BA1250 strain: a draft genome","volume":"10","author":"Munhoz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.15116","article-title":"Serine proteases autotransporter of Enterobacteriaceae: structures, subdomains, motifs, functions, and targets","volume":"120","author":"Navarro-Garcia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1204.051112","article-title":"Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection and prolonged diarrhea in children","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.17843\/rpmesp.2021.381.5750","article-title":"Frequency of serine protease autotransporters of enterobacteriaceae (SPATE) encoding genes in diffusely adherent escherichia coli (DAEC) isolates from children with and without diarrhea. Frecuencia de genes que codifican prote\u00ednas autotransportadoras serin-proteasa de Enterobacteriaceae (SPATE) en cepas de Escherichia coli difusamente adherente (DAEC) provenientes de ni\u00f1os con y sin diarrea","volume":"38","author":"Ocampo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Peru Med. Exp. Salud Publica"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32834a8b8b","article-title":"Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection in children","volume":"24","author":"Ochoa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00346-13","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of the epidemic multiresistant Escherichia coli ST131 clonal group among extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli isolates in Copenhagen, Denmark","volume":"51","author":"Olesen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7200635","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7200635","article-title":"The distribution of cytotoxic necrotizing factors (CNF-1, CNF-2, CNF-3) and cytolethal distending toxins (CDT-1, CDT-2, CDT-3, CDT-4) in Escherichia coli isolates isolated from extraintestinal infections and the determination of their phylogenetic relationship by PFGE","volume":"2022","author":"Onlen Guneri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14111887","article-title":"Citrobacter braakii isolated from salami and soft cheese: an emerging food safety hazard?","volume":"14","author":"Pasquali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959648","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.959648","article-title":"Occurrence of foodborne pathogens in Italian soft artisanal cheeses displaying different intra- and inter-batch variability of physicochemical and microbiological parameters","volume":"13","author":"Pasquali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4086","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12224086","article-title":"Variability in physicochemical parameters and its impact on microbiological quality and occurrence of foodborne pathogens in artisanal Italian organic salami","volume":"12","author":"Pasquali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.048983-0","article-title":"Virulence potential and adherence properties of Escherichia coli that produce CTX-M and NDM \u03b2-lactamases","volume":"62","author":"Peirano","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/35054089","article-title":"Genome sequence of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7","volume":"409","author":"Perna","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01694","article-title":"Environment controls LEE regulation in Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"9","author":"Platenkamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5022","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.11.5022-5032.2003","article-title":"Distribution of intimin subtypes among Escherichia coli isolates from ruminant and human sources","volume":"41","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1086\/426819","article-title":"Possible animal origin of human-associated, multidrug-resistant, uropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"40","author":"Ramchandani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.05.020","article-title":"Experimental mouse lethality of Escherichia coli strains isolated from free ranging Tibetan yaks","volume":"109","author":"Rehman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6515","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.10.6515-6519.2001","article-title":"Cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1-positive Escherichia coli causes increased inflammation and tissue damage to the prostate in a rat prostatitis model","volume":"69","author":"Rippere-Lampe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2016.07.010","article-title":"Artisanal Italian salami and soppresse: identification of control strategies to manage microbiological hazards","volume":"61","author":"Roccato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/s1286-4579(03)00049-2","article-title":"Medical and economic impact of extraintestinal infections due to Escherichia coli: focus on an increasingly important endemic problem","volume":"5","author":"Russo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-019-0290-0","article-title":"Virulence factors, prevalence and potential transmission of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from different sources: recent reports","volume":"11","author":"Sarowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref78","author":"Seemann","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref79","author":"Seemann","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref80","author":"Seemann","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030505","article-title":"The Virtuous Galleria mellonella Model for Scientific Experimentation","volume":"12","author":"Serrano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-017-0188-y","article-title":"Higher atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (a-EPEC) bacterial loads in children with diarrhea are associated with PCR detection of the EHEC factor for adherence 1\/lymphocyte inhibitory factor a (efa1\/lifa) gene","volume":"16","author":"Slinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111355","article-title":"Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli: virulence factors and antibiotic resistance","volume":"10","author":"Sora","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.22099\/ijvr.2019.5502","article-title":"Prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in animal products in Duhok province, Iraq","volume":"20","author":"Taha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001346","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001346","article-title":"Exploring SNP filtering strategies: the influence of strict vs soft core","volume":"11","author":"Taouk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.024190-0","article-title":"Characterization of sulphonamide-resistant Escherichia coli using comparison of sul2 gene sequences and multilocus sequence typing","volume":"155","author":"Trobos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00492","article-title":"Genetic and virulence characteristics of a hybrid atypical Enteropathogenic and Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC\/UPEC) strain","volume":"10","author":"Valiatti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0905-2","article-title":"Evaluation of galleria mellonella larvae for studying the virulence of Streptococcus suis","volume":"16","author":"Velikova","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1601.091118","article-title":"Food reservoir for Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infections","volume":"16","author":"Vincent","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005595","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005595","article-title":"Unicycler: resolving bacterial genome assemblies from short and long sequencing reads","volume":"13","author":"Wick","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.27912","article-title":"In vivo correlates of molecularly inferred virulence among extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) in the wax moth galleria mellonella model system","volume":"5","author":"Williamson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00138","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00138-20","article-title":"The genotype-to-phenotype dilemma: how should laboratories approach discordant susceptibility results?","volume":"59","author":"Yee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8050782","article-title":"Is Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O45 no longer a food safety threat? The danger is still out there","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.251678.119","article-title":"The EnteroBase user\u2019s guide, with case studies on Salmonella transmissions, Yersinia pestis phylogeny, and Escherichia core genomic diversity","volume":"30","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1718380\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T06:43:14Z","timestamp":1768977794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1718380\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1718380"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1718380","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"article-number":"1718380"}}