{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T23:54:30Z","timestamp":1778889270637,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific and Technological Research Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education","award":["150945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["150945"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Carcinogenic microorganisms (including viruses, bacteria, fungi, etc.) disrupt cellular homeostasis to drive tumorigenesis by hijacking the host ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and SUMOylation networks, with oncogenic viruses representing the core agents of this regulatory mechanism. Specifically: - Human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 protein binds E3 ubiquitin ligase E6AP to mediate ubiquitin-mediated degradation of tumor suppressor p53, thereby disabling cell cycle surveillance; the HBx protein of hepatitis B virus (HBV) evades its own ubiquitin-mediated degradation by inhibiting the activity of the E3 ligase SIAH1, while simultaneously upregulating DNA methyltransferases to disrupt host epigenetics; the core protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) induces methylation of the E6AP promoter, blocking its own ubiquitin-mediated degradation to maintain oncogenic activity; Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) LMP1 activates IRF7 via K63-linked ubiquitination, sustaining NF-xB pathway activation to promote proliferation; Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) K3 protein mediates MHC-I molecule ubiquitination-dependent endocytosis, achieving immune evasion. Furthermore, non-viral microorganisms such as\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    CagA and aflatoxin A also participate in carcinogenesis by regulating the UPS\/SUMO system. In summary, targeted modulation of the UPS\/SUMO system constitutes a core oncogenic strategy for carcinogenic microorganisms (particularly viruses), providing molecular targets for precision cancer therapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1720153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T06:26:20Z","timestamp":1766125580000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Decoding microbial carcinogenic strategies: ubiquitination and SUMO modification"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianghai","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhimai","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020270","article-title":"Recent advances in PROTAC-based antiviral strategies","volume":"11","author":"Ahmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.05.188","article-title":"HIV-1 Nef promotes ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of p53 tumor suppressor protein by using E6AP","volume":"529","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. 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