{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:00:29Z","timestamp":1792789229027,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Microbial communities play a vital role in the human defense system, existing symbiotically with us, contributing to metabolic processes, and strengthening immune defenses against pathogens. A diverse bacterial population in the vagina contributes to maintaining dynamic homeostasis, with their interactions playing a critical role in determining health or disease status. The balanced vaginal microbiota, dominated by\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacilli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , helps maintain vaginal pH, converts glycogen to lactic acid, and produces bacteriocins and hydrogen peroxide (H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), all contributing to its protective functions. On the other hand, an abnormal vaginal microbial composition, characterized by a decrease in beneficial microorganisms, heightens the risk of gynecological diseases such as bacterial vaginosis (BV), sexually transmitted infections, human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, and cervical cancer due to persistent infections. Variation in microbial composition is influenced by factors such as racial background, ethnicity, pregnancy, hormonal fluctuations, sexual behavior, personal hygiene practices, and various physiological conditions. This review aims to offer a detailed overview of the existing literature, focusing on the complex interplay between vaginal microbiota and gynecological conditions such as HPV infection. Our goal is to provide valuable insights that can inform future clinical strategies and interventions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1733315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T06:27:20Z","timestamp":1765866440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Microbial influences on HPV infection and cervical carcinogenesis: emerging evidence from the vaginal microbiome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841723","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.841723","article-title":"Local innate markers and vaginal microbiota composition are influenced by hormonal cycle phases","volume":"13","author":"Adapen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12121914","article-title":"TNFA and IL10 polymorphisms and IL-6 and IL-10 levels influence disease severity in influenza a(H1N1)pdm09 virus infected patients","volume":"12","author":"Alagarasu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.5.2001-2005.2000","article-title":"Lactic acid permeabilizes gram-negative bacteria by disrupting the outer membrane","volume":"66","author":"Alakomi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00164","article-title":"Antimicrobial and immune modulatory effects of lactic acid and short chain fatty acids produced by vaginal microbiota associated with eubiosis and bacterial vaginosis","volume":"6","author":"Aldunate","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02184","article-title":"Female gut and genital tract microbiota-induced crosstalk and differential effects of short-chain fatty acids on immune sequelae","volume":"11","author":"Amabebe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11010139","article-title":"Compositional changes in the vaginal bacterial microbiome of healthy pregnant women across the three gestational trimesters in Ismailia, Egypt","volume":"11","author":"Amin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15158","article-title":"Lactobacilli reduce recurrences of vaginal candidiasis in pregnant women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"132","author":"Ang","year":"","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020285","article-title":"Probiotics reduce vaginal candidiasis in pregnant women via modulating abundance of Candida and Lactobacillus in vaginal and cervicovaginal regions","volume":"10","author":"Ang","year":"","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0153274","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153274","article-title":"Cervical microbiome and cytokine profile at various stages of cervical cancer: a pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Audirac-Chalifour","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686167","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.686167","article-title":"The vaginal microbiome: a long urogenital colonization throughout woman life","volume":"11","author":"Auriemma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S259311","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus BMX 54 + lactose, a symbiotic long-lasting vaginal approach to improve women's health","volume":"12","author":"Baldacci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Women's Health"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19382-9","article-title":"Hormonal contraception alters vaginal microbiota and cytokines in south African adolescents in a randomized trial","volume":"11","author":"Balle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634251","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1634251","article-title":"The vaginal microbiome in HPV persistence and cervical cancer progression","volume":"15","author":"Bautista","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"533","article-title":"Association of Chlamydia trachomatis infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) & cervical intraepithelial neoplasia - a pilot study","volume":"137","author":"Bhatla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0181135","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181135","article-title":"The association between ethnicity and vaginal microbiota composition in Amsterdam, the Netherlands","volume":"12","author":"Borgdorff","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15981","article-title":"The vaginal metabolome and microbiota of cervical HPV-positive and HPV-negative women: a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"127","author":"Borgogna","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.9.1809","article-title":"Origins of vaginal acidity: high D\/L lactate ratio is consistent with bacteria being the primary source","volume":"16","author":"Boskey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-471","article-title":"Association between cigarette smoking and the vaginal microbiota: a pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Brotman","year":"","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu330","article-title":"Interplay between the temporal dynamics of the vaginal microbiota and human papillomavirus detection","volume":"210","author":"Brotman","year":"","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.12.011","article-title":"Vaginal dysbiosis and the risk of human papillomavirus and cervical cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"221","author":"Brusselaers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14095","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50410-x","article-title":"Diversity of vaginal microbiome and metabolome during genital infections","volume":"9","author":"Ceccarani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-72","article-title":"Antiviral activity of Bifidobacterium adolescentis SPM1005-a on human papillomavirus type 16","volume":"10","author":"Cha","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-23","article-title":"Characterization of the vaginal microbiota of healthy Canadian women through the menstrual cycle","volume":"2","author":"Chaban","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-2018-000032","article-title":"Correlation between the diversity of vaginal microbiota and the risk of high-risk human papillomavirus infection","volume":"29","author":"Chao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00901-0","article-title":"The microbiota continuum along the female reproductive tract and its relation to uterine-related diseases","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-020-00146-8","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota and human papillomavirus infection among young Swedish women","volume":"6","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.05.024","article-title":"The correlation between the determination of vaginal micro-ecological composition and the outcome of HPV infection by high-throughput metagene sequencing information technology on the Illumina platform","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(01)02652-7","article-title":"Down modulation of IL-18 expression by human papillomavirus type 16 E6 oncogene via binding to IL-18","volume":"501","author":"Cho","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86628-x","article-title":"Effect of 17\u03b2-estradiol on a human vaginal Lactobacillus crispatus strain","volume":"11","author":"Clabaut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02200-17","article-title":"Promising prebiotic candidate established by evaluation of lactitol, lactulose, raffinose, and oligofructose for maintenance of a Lactobacillus-dominated vaginal microbiota","volume":"84","author":"Collins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16712","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111686200","article-title":"The yeast glutaredoxins are active as glutathione peroxidases","volume":"277","author":"Collinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14120933","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in immuno-metabolic regulation of emotion and memory","volume":"14","author":"Crespo-Quiles","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2003.10.013","article-title":"Inflammation: the link between insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Dandona","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815000965","article-title":"Prevalent high-risk HPV infection and vaginal microbiota in Nigerian women","volume":"144","author":"Dareng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25400","article-title":"Association between toll-like receptor expression and human papillomavirus type 16 persistence","volume":"128","author":"Daud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09842-6","article-title":"Characterization of cervico-vaginal microbiota in women developing persistent high-risk human papillomavirus infection","volume":"7","author":"Di Paola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2023.101714","article-title":"Lactobacillus gasseri LGV03 isolated from the cervico-vagina of HPV-cleared women modulates epithelial innate immune responses and suppresses the growth of HPV-positive human cervical cancer cells","volume":"35","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.03.052","article-title":"Women with preterm birth have a distinct cervicovaginal metabolome","volume":"212","author":"Ghartey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02533","article-title":"Cervicovaginal fungi and bacteria associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and high-risk human papillomavirus infections in a Hispanic population","volume":"9","author":"Godoy-Vitorino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107149","article-title":"Differential study on the relationship between HPV infection and vaginal microbiota composition in Uygur and Han women","volume":"198","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2012.011342","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis is conducive to the persistence of HPV infection","volume":"23","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.811","article-title":"Phenotypic analysis of gene deletant strains for sensitivity to oxidative stress","volume":"19","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Yeast"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67987-6","article-title":"Evaluation of the bacterial flora of the prostate using a 16S rRNA gene based polymerase chain reaction","volume":"163","author":"Hochreiter","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-021-09848-7","article-title":"Lacticaseibacillus casei LH23 suppressed HPV gene expression and inhibited cervical cancer cells","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2024.127857","article-title":"Cervicovaginal microbiome, high-risk HPV infection and cervical cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"287","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00995","article-title":"Microbiome multi-omics network analysis: statistical considerations, limitations, and opportunities","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00551","article-title":"Crosstalk between female gonadal hormones and vaginal microbiota across various phases of women's gynecological lifecycle","volume":"11","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2019.152","article-title":"Type-specific viral load and physical state of HPV type 16, 18, and 58 as diagnostic biomarkers for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or cervical cancer","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(20000101)85:1<>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infection as a risk factor for invasive cervical cancer","volume":"85","author":"Koskela","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac094","article-title":"The healthy female microbiome across body sites: effect of hormonal contraceptives and the menstrual cycle","volume":"37","author":"Krog","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-021-00244-3","article-title":"The interplay between the vaginal microbiome and innate immunity in the focus of predictive, preventive, and personalized medical approach to combat HPV-induced cervical cancer","volume":"12","author":"Kudela","year":"2021","journal-title":"EPMA J."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104780","article-title":"Association of cervicovaginal dysbiosis mediated HPV infection with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"152","author":"Kumari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"7035","article-title":"Microbiota dysbiosis is associated with HPV-induced cervical carcinogenesis","author":"Kwasniewski","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S296","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa676","article-title":"Connecting the dots: translating the vaginal microbiome into a drug","volume":"223","author":"Lagenaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.10.10.616351","article-title":"Computational microbiome pharmacology analysis elucidates the anti-cancer potential of vaginal microbes and metabolites","volume":"2024","author":"Lawore","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.1.497","article-title":"Both E6 and E7 oncoproteins of human papillomavirus 16 inhibit IL-18-induced IFN-gamma production in human peripheral blood mononuclear and NK cells","volume":"167","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63514","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063514","article-title":"Association of the vaginal microbiota with human papillomavirus infection in a Korean twin cohort","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507024","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.507024","article-title":"Community state types of vaginal microbiota and four types of abnormal vaginal microbiota in pregnant Korean women","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-5832","article-title":"Association of high-risk human papillomavirus infection duration and cervical lesions with vaginal microbiota composition","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2022.0104","article-title":"Functions of gut microbiota metabolites, current status and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11446","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.206032","article-title":"Effectiveness of vaginal probiotics Lactobacillus crispatus chen-01 in women with high-risk HPV infection: a prospective controlled pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12010148","article-title":"Cross-sectional analysis of human papillomavirus infection and cytological abnormalities in Brazilian women","volume":"12","author":"Mangieri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.2174\/1871526522666220126154731","article-title":"Vaginal states: detection of conversion processes in women using contraception and characterization of vaginal Lactobacillus species","volume":"22","author":"Mar\u00eda Fosch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759697","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.759697","article-title":"Immunometabolic analysis of Mobiluncus mulieris and Eggerthella sp. reveals novel insights into their pathogenic contributions to the hallmarks of bacterial vaginosis","volume":"11","author":"Mckenzie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14174","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14174","article-title":"A multi-platform metabolomics approach identifies highly specific biomarkers of bacterial diversity in the vagina of pregnant and non-pregnant women","volume":"5","author":"Mcmillan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.5c00385","article-title":"The role of cervicovaginal microbiota and probiotics in modulating HPV persistence and preventing cervical cancer","volume":"2025","author":"Medina-Rivero","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01936","article-title":"Lactobacilli dominance and vaginal pH: why is the human vaginal microbiome unique?","volume":"7","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16865","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16865","article-title":"Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia disease progression is associated with increased vaginal microbiome diversity","volume":"5","author":"Mitra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112508","article-title":"Human papillomavirus E5 suppresses immunity via inhibition of the immunoproteasome and STING pathway","volume":"42","author":"Miyauchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4103\/tcmj.tcmj_134_24","article-title":"An exploration of the natural and acquired immunological mechanisms to high-risk human papillomavirus infection and unmasking immune escape in cervical cancer: a concise synopsis","volume":"37","author":"Mohammed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tzu Chi Med. J."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09455-1","article-title":"Temporal composition of the cervicovaginal microbiome associates with hrHPV infection outcomes in a longitudinal study","volume":"24","author":"Molina","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06118-3","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis in oral and genital mucosa of women with normal and abnormal cervical cytology","volume":"21","author":"Mosmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00253","article-title":"Vaginal biogenic amines: biomarkers of bacterial vaginosis or precursors to vaginal dysbiosis?","volume":"6","author":"Nelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126487","article-title":"Vaginal lactobacilli and vaginal dysbiosis-associated bacteria differently affect cervical epithelial and immune homeostasis and anti-viral defenses","volume":"22","author":"NICOL\u00f2","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15854","article-title":"The vaginal microbiota, human papillomavirus and cervical dysplasia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"127","author":"Norenhag","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2017.01.18","article-title":"The chicken or the egg dilemma: intestinal dysbiosis in multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"OCHOA-REP\u00e1RAZ","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-200","article-title":"In vaginal fluid, bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis can be suppressed with lactic acid but not hydrogen peroxide","volume":"11","author":"O'hanlon","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2938-z","article-title":"Long-term Lactobacillus rhamnosus BMX 54 application to restore a balanced vaginal ecosystem: a promising solution against HPV-infection","volume":"18","author":"Palma","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-14-0046","article-title":"Pathogen-sensing and regulatory T cells: integrated regulators of immune responses","volume":"2","author":"Paul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17070942","article-title":"Medicinal mushrooms, probiotics and combination of natural compounds in the management of HPV: a comparative look at viral clearance and lesion resolution","volume":"17","author":"Porcaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103599","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota of asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis: are they different from normal microbiota?","volume":"134","author":"Pramanick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104617","article-title":"Cervicovaginal microbiota dysbiosis correlates with HPV persistent infection","volume":"152","author":"Qingqing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women","volume":"108","author":"Ravel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-8244(02)00465-0","article-title":"Oral use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 significantly alters vaginal flora: randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 64 healthy women","volume":"35","author":"Reid","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3843","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2019.20.12.3843","article-title":"Chlamydia Trachomatis infection in high-risk human papillomavirus based on cervical cytology specimen","volume":"20","author":"Sangpichai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4478","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27837","article-title":"Microbiota and HPV: the role of viral infection on vaginal microbiota","volume":"94","author":"Santella","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-13-185","article-title":"The role of inflammation in HPV infection of the oesophagus","volume":"13","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-017-0089-z","article-title":"Dynamics of metatranscription in the inflammatory bowel disease gut microbiome","volume":"3","author":"Schirmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26168090","article-title":"Cervicovaginal microbiome and HPV: a standardized approach to 16S\/ITS NGS and microbial community profiling for viral association","volume":"26","author":"Shen-Gunther","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34333","article-title":"The current status of cell-free human papillomavirus DNA as a biomarker in cervical cancer and other HPV-associated tumors: a review","volume":"152","author":"Sivars","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0238705","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238705","article-title":"Changes of vaginal microbiota during cervical carcinogenesis in women with human papillomavirus infection","volume":"15","author":"So","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24285","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1912129116","article-title":"Colorectal cancer-associated microbiota contributes to oncogenic epigenetic signatures","volume":"116","author":"Sobhani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2015.3295","article-title":"Effect of human papillomavirus infection on the immune system and its role in the course of cervical cancer","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2212694120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2212694120","article-title":"Structure-function correlates of fibrinogen binding by Acinetobacter adhesins critical in catheter-associated urinary tract infections","volume":"120","author":"Tamadonfar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06811-w","article-title":"Associations among HPV persistence, the vaginal microbiome, and cervical cancer recurrence","volume":"23","author":"Tsementzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008376","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008376","article-title":"<article-title update=\"added\">Cervicovaginal microbiome and natural history of HPV\u2009in a longitudinal study","volume":"16","author":"Usyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15870","article-title":"Lactobacilli-containing vaginal probiotics to cure or prevent bacterial or fungal vaginal dysbiosis: a systematic review and recommendations for future trial designs","volume":"127","author":"Van De Wijgert","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2490-y","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome and metabolome highlight specific signatures of bacterial vaginosis","volume":"34","author":"Vitali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.16005","article-title":"Roles of probiotics against HPV through the gut-vaginal axis","volume":"169","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1163\/18762891-bja00079","article-title":"Probiotic reduces vaginal HPV abundance, improves immunity and quality of life in HPV-positive women: a randomised, placebo-controlled and double-blind study","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Benef Microbes"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05349-0","article-title":"Co-infection with trichomonas vaginalis increases the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2-3 among HPV16 positive female: a large population-based study","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519925","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1519925","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acid in metabolic syndrome and its complications: focusing on immunity and inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.013","article-title":"Gender bias in autoimmunity is influenced by microbiota","volume":"39","author":"Yurkovetskiy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594065","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.594065","article-title":"Prebiotic maltose gel can promote the vaginal microbiota from BV-related bacteria dominant to Lactobacillus in rhesus macaque","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2015.3162","article-title":"Elevation of miR-27b by HPV16 E7 inhibits PPAR\u03b3 expression and promotes proliferation and invasion in cervical carcinoma cells","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02083-w","article-title":"Roles of human papillomavirus in cancers: oncogenic mechanisms and clinical use","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1733315\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T06:27:23Z","timestamp":1765866443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1733315\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"references-count":106,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1733315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1733315","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"article-number":"1733315"}}