{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T01:42:09Z","timestamp":1788572529265,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, an extreme high-altitude ecosystem, presents a unique model for studying host-microbe-environment coevolution under environmental stress. However, the role of resident wildlife, particularly non-migratory passerines, as reservoirs and vectors for cross-boundary antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) dissemination remains poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, through metagenomic analysis of two endemic passerines (Pseudopodoces humilis and Pyrgilauda ruficollis) and their habitats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We reveal convergent adaptations in their gut microbiomes, dominated by\n                      <jats:italic>Actinomycetota<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonadota<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillota<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Functional enrichment in carbohydrate metabolism and genetic information processing underpins host energy optimization in extreme high-altitude environments. Critically, these birds constitute a major reservoir of ARGs, harboring 153 antibiotic resistance ontologies (AROs) with nearly universal resistance to clinical antibiotic classes. The core resistome\u2014comprising glycopeptide (\n                      <jats:italic>van<\/jats:italic>\n                      clusters), fluoroquinolone, and tetracycline resistance genes\u2014reflects anthropogenic contamination amplified by environmental persistence. Environmental transmission pathways were unequivocally demonstrated via 47 AROs shared between avian hosts and proximal matrices (soil\/grass), coupled with livestock-derived antibiotic influx through excreta, establishing the plateau as a hotspot for resistance gene flux. Strikingly, \u201clow-abundance\u2013high-resistance\u201d taxa (\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonadota<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Actinomycetota<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillota<\/jats:italic>\n                      ; \u226430% abundance but &amp;gt;80% ARG contribution) drive resistome plasticity, potentially facilitated by horizontal gene transfer.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings redefine resident passerines as sentinels of ecosystem health and bridges for cross-boundary antimicrobial resistance (AMR) spread. Mitigating global AMR thus necessitates interdisciplinary strategies targeting environmental reservoirs (e.g., regulating livestock antibiotic use) and monitoring avian-mediated gene flow.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1733974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T06:37:19Z","timestamp":1770187039000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Convergent gut microbiome adaptation and pervasive antibiotic resistome in Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau passerines"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shunan","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Qinghai University Medical College","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiancheng","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Qinghai University Medical College","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxuan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plague Prevention and Control Section of the Qinghai Provincial Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control","place":["Xining, China"]},{"name":"Specialized Laboratory of Yersinia Pestis, Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjun County Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Haixi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjun County Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Haixi, 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China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenlong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plague Prevention and Control Section of the Qinghai Provincial Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plague Prevention and Control Section of the Qinghai Provincial Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoming","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Qinghai University Medical College","place":["Xining, China"]},{"name":"Plague Prevention and Control Section of the Qinghai Provincial Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongshun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plague Prevention and Control Section of the Qinghai Provincial Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control","place":["Xining, 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