{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:06:16Z","timestamp":1791230776032,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Wild waterfowl and shorebirds are the primary reservoir of influenza A viruses in nature. The role of wild birds from other taxonomic groups remains insufficiently studied or is a subject of debate. This applies in particular to Passeriformes, the most diverse avian order, accounting for approximately 60% of the global bird population, where the role in circulation of influenza A viruses is underexplored. We used serological, virological, and PCR-based methods to survey avian influenza viruses in Passeriformes birds (65 species, 20 families) in Ukraine over a 20-year period, 2004\u20132025. Antibodies to influenza viruses were detected in serum and egg yolk of seven passerine species, with average seroprevalence 1.24% in sera and 8.94% in yolk samples. Seroprevalence varied across species, ranging from 1.96 to 27.2%. Virological screening resulted in the isolation of two viruses from Fieldfares (\n                    <jats:italic>Turdus pilaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) of the subtypes H1N1 and H7N1. The overall infection rate based on virus isolation was 0.15%, while local infection rate in Fieldfares reached 11.1%. According to PCR results, 41 positive samples were detected, representing 3.61% of all tested birds (ranging from 1.42\u20139.1%), and by location ranged from 6.25\u20139.1%. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of H1N1 (Fieldfare), H7N1 (Fieldfare), H3N8 (Great Tit\n                    <jats:italic>Parus major<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) influenza viruses confirmed them as Eurasian lineage low pathogenic avian influenza viruses and with close relatedness to viruses of the same subtypes circulating among wild waterfowl.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1736454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T06:56:04Z","timestamp":1768892164000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Wild passerines as potential carriers and sources of avian influenza viruses in Ukraine"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nataliia","family":"Muzyka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Scientific Centre, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine","place":["Kharkiv, Ukraine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Popova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Scientific Centre, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine","place":["Kharkiv, Ukraine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Rula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Scientific Centre, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine","place":["Kharkiv, Ukraine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polina","family":"Yurko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Scientific Centre, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine","place":["Kharkiv, Ukraine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anzhela","family":"Chaplygina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University","place":["Kharkiv, Ukraine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander M. P.","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Worldwide Influenza Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Influenza Research and Reference, The Francis Crick Institute","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abi","family":"Lofts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Worldwide Influenza Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Influenza Research and Reference, The Francis Crick Institute","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siamak","family":"Zohari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Swedish Veterinary Agency","place":["Uppsala, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Koethe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute","place":["Greifswald, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne","family":"Fair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modeling and Observations of Earth Systems, Los Alamos National Laboratory","place":["Los Alamos, NM, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jen","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University","place":["East Lansing, MI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Worldwide Influenza Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Influenza Research and Reference, The Francis Crick Institute","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Pohlmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute","place":["Greifswald, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Beer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute","place":["Greifswald, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Waldenstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University","place":["Kalmar, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denys","family":"Muzyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Scientific Centre, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine","place":["Kharkiv, Ukraine"]},{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University","place":["Kalmar, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8930","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8930","article-title":"Avian influenza overview march\u2013June 2024","volume":"22","author":"Alexakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"A laboratory manual for the isolation, identification and characterization of avian pathogens","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539925","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.539925","article-title":"A review of pathogen transmission at the backyard chicken-wild bird Interface","volume":"7","author":"Ayala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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