{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T04:18:09Z","timestamp":1780719489507,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Safflower (\n                      <jats:italic>Carthamus tinctorius<\/jats:italic>\n                      L.) is a prized medicinal species whose therapeutic value hinges on the abundance of bioactive metabolites. Accumulation of these metabolites are influenced by a range of environmental and edaphic factors, including soil physicochemical parameters, extracellular enzyme activities, composition and function of rhizosphere microbiome. However, how these factors individually and synergistically orchestrate the biosynthesis, transport, and ultimate storage of pharmaceutically active compounds within Safflower tissues remains unknown.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, high-throughput amplicon sequencing coupled with comprehensive physiological profiling was employed to investigate soil characteristics, enzyme activities, and rhizosphere microbial communities of safflower across 36 soil samples collected at two distinct altitudes and two growth stages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effective component content was detected in 18 samples, and our results revealed that the safflower stigmas from the high- altitude site (YM) contained significantly elevated levels of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) compared to those from the lowland site (YF). Soils at the YM site exhibited markedly higher fertility, with available phosphorus, total nitrogen, and organic matter identified as key drivers of HSYA accumulation. Both sites showed high diversity and abundance in rhizosphere microbial communities, with Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria dominating the bacterial communities, and Ascomycota being the predominant fungal phylum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Taken together, our findings show that soil properties, microbial communities, and climatic conditions work interactively to influence the buildup of bioactive compounds in safflower. These insights suggest that precise management of soil nutrients and the rhizosphere microbiome can improve medicinal safflower quality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1738669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T15:04:26Z","timestamp":1767798266000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Soil fertility and rhizosphere microbiome affecting hydroxysafflor yellow A accumulation in safflower"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanting","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuwei","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guojun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingqiang","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaqian","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asigul","family":"Ismayil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiping","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmpp.2023.102115","article-title":"Endophytic bacteria improve jute growth through induction of phytohormones-related gene expression","volume":"127","author":"Aktar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2021.06.043","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of the bioactivity and bioaccessibility of Hypericum olympicum L","volume":"142","author":"Aky\u00fcz","year":"2021","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327116650009","article-title":"Amelioration of benzo[a]pyrene-induced oxidative stress and pulmonary toxicity by Naringenin in Wistar rats: a plausible role of COX-2 and NF-\u03baB","volume":"36","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.9734\/ijpss\/2022\/v34i242623","article-title":"Effect of agroforestry system on soil properties in an acid inceptisol under tropical climatic situation of eastern India","volume":"34","author":"Behera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Plant Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw9285","article-title":"Pathogen-induced activation of disease-suppressive functions in the endophytic root microbiome","volume":"366","author":"Carri\u00f3n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14878","article-title":"Spatial variation of the soil bacterial community in major apple producing regions of China","volume":"130","author":"Chai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2108557","article-title":"Pharmacological activities of safflower yellow and its clinical applications","volume":"2022","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2185-0","article-title":"A plant genetic network for preventing dysbiosis in the phyllosphere","volume":"580","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1094\/pdis-10-22-2320-sc","article-title":"Chenopodium quinoa, a new host for Alternaria section Alternata and Alternaria section Infectoriae causing yellow leaf blotch disease","volume":"107","author":"Colque-Little","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1093\/mp\/sst028","article-title":"Rhizosphere microbes as essential partners for plant stress tolerance","volume":"6","author":"de Zelicourt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507535103","article-title":"The diversity and biogeography of soil bacterial communities","volume":"103","author":"Fierer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616730","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.616730","article-title":"Antarctic water tracks: microbial community responses to variation in soil moisture, pH, and salinity","volume":"12","author":"George","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.10.001","article-title":"Mechanisms of antidiabetic effects of flavonoid rutin","volume":"96","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2023.113657","article-title":"Toluidine blue O photosensitizer combined with caffeic acid improves antibacterial performance by increasing the permeability of cell membrane","volume":"233","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.14188\/j.ajsh.2018.04.004","article-title":"Varieties and distribution of Carthamus tinctorius L. germplasm resources in China","volume":"40","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotic Resour."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.69.1427","article-title":"Ecochemical studies of interrelationships between epiphytic bacteria and host plants via secondary metabolites","volume":"69","author":"Hashidoko","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01540","article-title":"Exploring the potential of antibiotic production from rare actinobacteria by whole-genome sequencing and guided MS\/MS analysis","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9360","DOI":"10.1039\/d1fo01767e","article-title":"Optimized separation of anhydrosafflor yellow B from safflower by high-speed counter-current chromatography and evaluation of its cardio-protective effect","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.13989\/j.cnki.0517-6611.2015.16.030","article-title":"Advances in studies on safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.) at home and abroad","volume":"43","author":"Hui-Zhen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anhui Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2018.707.283","article-title":"Actinomycetes: a promising tool for plant growth promotion and disease control","volume":"7","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.01.097","article-title":"Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil mesocosms by microbial\/plant bioaugmentation: performance and mechanism","volume":"198","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.07.074","article-title":"Induction of phenolic metabolites and physiological changes in chamomile plants in relation to nitrogen nutrition","volume":"142","author":"Kov\u00e1\u010dik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4232","article-title":"Rhizosphere microbiome structure alters to enable wilt resistance in tomato","volume":"36","author":"Kwak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s13165-020-00289-0","article-title":"Bio-stimulant, what is its promoting effect on the cultivation of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)?","volume":"10","author":"Lakhdari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Org. Agric."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2021.104126","article-title":"Microbial community variation and its relationship with soil carbon accumulation during long-term oasis formation","volume":"168","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16601","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.16601","article-title":"Comparative genomics reveals the adaptation of ammonia-oxidising Thaumarchaeota to arid soils","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"83","article-title":"The genetic diversity analysis of both morphologic traits and agronomic traits of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) germplasm resources","volume":"36","author":"Lifen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Trop. Crops"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-020-00367-1","article-title":"The scientific elucidation of daodi medicinal materials","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3390\/su5041747","article-title":"Correlation of soil microbes and soil micro-environment under long-term safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) plantation in China","volume":"34","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Biol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/ppa.13328","article-title":"Fusarium rot of melon is caused by several fusarium species","volume":"70","author":"Medeiros Ara\u00fajo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1021\/acsfoodscitech.1c00472","article-title":"Edible acid\u2013base complexes of caffeic acid with histidine and arginine exhibit enhanced antimicrobial and antioxidant characteristics","volume":"2","author":"Mude","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2010.02281.x","article-title":"The influence of vegetation type, soil properties and precipitation on the composition of soil mite and microbial communities at the landscape scale","volume":"37","author":"Nielsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref8001","article-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2023","journal-title":"R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.19085","article-title":"Inner bark vs sapwood is the main driver of nitrogen and phosphorus allocation in stems and roots across three tropical woody plant communities","volume":"239","author":"Rosell","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2012.07.013","article-title":"Soil pH drives the spatial distribution of bacterial communities along elevation on Changbai Mountain","volume":"57","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-011-9231-y","article-title":"Improved salinity tolerance of Arachis hypogaea (L.) by the interaction of halotolerant plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria","volume":"31","author":"Shukla","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/aab.12030","article-title":"Rhizosphere microbes facilitate redox homeostasis in Cicer arietinum against biotic stress","volume":"163","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14841","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14841","article-title":"Diversity and structural analysis of rhizosphere soil microbial communities in wild and cultivated Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae and their effects on the accumulation of active components","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E5213","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1722335115","article-title":"MYB72-dependent coumarin exudation shapes root microbiome assembly to promote plant health","volume":"115","author":"Stringlis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01504-2","article-title":"Soil conditions and the plant microbiome boost the accumulation of monoterpenes in the fruit of Citrus reticulata \u2018Chachi\u2019","volume":"11","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2019.107662","article-title":"Microbial growth and enzyme kinetics in rhizosphere hotspots are modulated by soil organics and nutrient availability","volume":"141","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2012.09.005","article-title":"Variability of soil organic carbon stocks under different land uses: a study in an afro-montane landscape in southwestern Uganda","volume":"193","author":"Twongyirwe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8110463","article-title":"Biological control of Alternaria leaf spot caused by Alternaria spp. in Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) under two fertilization regimes","volume":"8","author":"Viriyasuthee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2006.09.003","article-title":"Fusarium culmorum: infection process, mechanisms of mycotoxin production and their role in pathogenesis in wheat","volume":"26","author":"Wagacha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16091","article-title":"Microbial mediators of plant community response to long-term N and P fertilization: evidence of a role of plant responsiveness to mycorrhizal fungi","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2021.105027","article-title":"Effects of land use types and environmental factors on spatial distribution of soil total nitrogen in a coalfield on the loess plateau, China","volume":"211","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.11.090","article-title":"Toxicological effects of dimethomorph on soil enzymatic activity and soil earthworm (Eisenia fetida)","volume":"169","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2025.109738","article-title":"Preferential use of organic acids over sugars by soil microbes in simulated root exudation","volume":"203","author":"Wiesenbauer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"109","article-title":"Soil quality and its assessment indicators","volume":"2002","author":"Xiaobing","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sys. Sci. Compreh. Stud. Agri."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.16768\/j.issn.1004-874x.2015.21.022","article-title":"Correlation analysis and path analysis of main agronomic traits in safflower germplasm of Xinxiang","volume":"33","author":"Xi-Qiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Guangdong Agri. Sci."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.11924\/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16100016","article-title":"Breeding of new safflower varieties \u2018Yunhonghua no.5\u2019 and \u2018Yunhonghua no.6\u2019with flower and oil application","volume":"33","author":"Xueli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. Agri. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0314256","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314256","article-title":"Response of soybean root exudates and related metabolic pathways to low phosphorus stress","volume":"19","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5758","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24253-x","article-title":"Meta-scale mountain grassland observatories uncover commonalities as well as specific interactions among plant and non-rhizosphere soil bacterial communities","volume":"8","author":"Yashiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0336823","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03368-23","article-title":"Interspecific plant interaction structures the microbiomes of poplar-soil interface to alter nutrient cycling and utilization","volume":"12","author":"You","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spect."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.123633","article-title":"Phosphorus and nitrogen removal by a novel phosphate-accumulating organism, Arthrobacter sp. HHEP5 capable of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification: safety assessment, removal characterization, mechanism exploration and wastewater treatment","volume":"312","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01728-2","article-title":"Metagenomic characterization of a novel non-ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota from hadal sediment","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c06962","article-title":"Potential fungicide candidates: a dual action mode study of novel pyrazole-4-carboxamides against Gibberella zeae","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.26599\/fshw.2022.9250155","article-title":"Reduction of the oxidative damage to H2O2-induced HepG2 cells via the Nrf2 signalling pathway by plant flavonoids quercetin and Hyperoside","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Human Wellness"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.13430\/j.cnki.jpgr.2007.01.013","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Carthamus tinctorius L. based on RAMP markers","volume":"2007","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Plant Genet. Resour."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22030195","article-title":"Flavonoids from Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb: free radical scavenging and DNA oxidative damage protection activities and analysis of bioactivity-structure relationship based on molecular and electronic structures","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1738669\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T15:04:32Z","timestamp":1767798272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1738669\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1738669"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1738669","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"article-number":"1738669"}}