{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:29:12Z","timestamp":1788967752665,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock is a major contributor to the global AMR crisis, yet little is known about its dynamics in high-altitude pastoral systems. We performed deep metagenomic sequencing of 100 fecal samples from Tibetan Awang sheep reared under grazing (aw_fm) and captive (aw_qs) conditions. Microbiome profiling revealed striking community shifts: grazing sheep were enriched in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, whereas captive sheep showed expansion of Proteobacteria, particularly\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    , suggesting dysbiosis. The resistome comprised 302 unique ARGs, dominated by\n                    <jats:italic>rpoB2<\/jats:italic>\n                    (43.3%),\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    _\n                    <jats:italic>adolescentis<\/jats:italic>\n                    _\n                    <jats:italic>rpoB<\/jats:italic>\n                    (11.2%), and\n                    <jats:italic>ugd<\/jats:italic>\n                    (10.2%). Grazing sheep carried ARGs mainly against rifamycins and peptide antibiotics, reflecting natural selective pressures, while captive sheep exhibited significantly broader resistance, including tetracyclines, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). Enrichment of efflux pump genes (\n                    <jats:italic>MexK<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>adeJ<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in captive sheep highlighted a shift toward multidrug resistance. These findings demonstrate that rearing practices profoundly restructure the gut resistome, underscoring the need for targeted antibiotic stewardship in high-altitude livestock systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1740198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T06:41:20Z","timestamp":1768372880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Metagenomic analysis revealed the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes of Awang sheep (Ovis aries) gut microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Siyue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University","place":["Yaan, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xizang Changdu Animal Husbandry Station","place":["Changdu, Xizang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heran","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Disease Laboratory, Yunnan Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University","place":["Yaan, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghulam Raza","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University","place":["Yaan, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahsan","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University","place":["Taian, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University","place":["Yaan, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangle","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University","place":["Yaan, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University","place":["Yaan, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tea Science","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2319","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and its cost: is it possible to reverse resistance?","volume":"8","author":"Andersson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. 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