{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T08:27:33Z","timestamp":1767947253001,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Malaria transmission has significantly declined in several endemic regions following extensive control efforts, bringing some areas close to elimination status. However, residual exposure to\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      may persist even when clinical cases become rare. Serological markers provide valuable insights into historical and recent exposure by detecting long-lived antibodies that remain after infection. The use of blood-stage antigens such as PfEBA175 and PfRh5 allows for assessing population-level immunity and identifying potential hotspots of residual transmission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2025 across four endemic villages (Sedayu, Kemejing, Kembaran, and Wadas) in the Menoreh Hills. Blood samples from 120 malaria-exposed individuals and 24 malaria-negative controls were analyzed using protein microarray to assess antibody responses to PfEBA175 and PfRh5 antigens. Sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors were obtained through structured questionnaires.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significant heterogeneity in antibody responses was observed across villages from two antigens. Seropositivity of PfEBA175 was higher than PfRh5. PfEBA175 seroprevalence ranged from 10 to 40%, with significantly higher responses in Kembaran (40%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) and Wadas (23%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.003) compared with controls, reflecting focalized transmission. PfRh5 demonstrated universal immunogenicity with 53\u201370% seroprevalence across all villages (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), with Sedayu showing the highest responses (70%) linked to nocturnal livestock activities (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.006). Village-specific risk factors including indoor biting exposure, previous malaria history, outdoor nighttime activities, educational level, and travel to endemic areas were significantly associated with antibody profiles, highlighting micro-epidemiological heterogeneity in malaria exposure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study reveals substantial micro-epidemiological variation in naturally acquired immunity to blood-stage malaria antigens in a pre-elimination setting. PfRh5 demonstrated universally strong immunogenicity across transmission intensities, whereas PfEBA175 exhibited heterogeneous responses reflecting focal exposure shaped by behavioral and environmental factors. These complementary patterns may inform multi-antigen vaccine strategies, village-specific interventions in areas with residual malaria transmission, and sero-surveillance development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1742072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T06:41:21Z","timestamp":1767940881000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serological evidence of continued exposure to Plasmodium falciparum among residents in a near-elimination setting"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Muzhaffar","family":"Daud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aprillia Andika","family":"Rahayu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ilyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derico","family":"Hitipeuw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fadhila","family":"Fitriana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jadidan Hada","family":"Syahada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raisha","family":"Nuranindita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fariha Akmalina","family":"Amirudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edo Yungki","family":"Saputra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo-Young","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ni Kadek Dita","family":"Cahyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nuruliarizki Shinta","family":"Pandupuspitasari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin-Hee","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fauzi","family":"Muh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1155\/adph\/2703477","article-title":"The changing incidence of malaria in Indonesia: a 9-year analysis of surveillance data","volume":"2024","author":"Aisyah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. 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