{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T12:46:31Z","timestamp":1770813991049,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infects more than half of the world\u2019s population and is the main risk factor for gastric cancer, although only a small percentage of those infected develop the disease. This disparity suggests the influence of bacterial, environmental, and host susceptibility factors. In Colombia, the department of Nari\u00f1o presents a unique scenario: in both the Andean region and the Pacific coast, the prevalence of infection reaches 90%, but gastric cancer rates differ markedly (150\/100,000 and 6\/100,000 inhabitants, respectively), a phenomenon known as the \u201cColombian enigma.\u201d\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study analyzed gastric cancer mortality in 64 municipalities in Nari\u00f1o, Colombia, using official epidemiological data and genome-based\n                      <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori cagA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic>\n                      evolution and virulence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed a positive correlation between altitude and gastric cancer mortality. Phylogenomically, two local subpopulations were identified: hspColombia_Andes, predominant in high-risk areas and hspColombia_PacificCoast, associated with low risk. These populations showed genetic overlap, reflecting flow between nearby regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings show that the genetic diversity of\n                      <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      , particularly the hspColombia_Andes and hspColombia_PacificCoast subpopulations, is associated with regional differences in gastric cancer mortality. Furthermore, the influence of environmental factors such as altitude and the association of the\n                      <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic>\n                      oncogenes with gastric lesions reinforce their role in pathogenesis and in the possible prediction of cancer risk.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1742406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T07:40:17Z","timestamp":1770795617000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genomic epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in regions with high and low risk of gastric cancer, Colombia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Guzman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Group, CESUN, University of Nari\u00f1o","place":["Pasto, Colombia"]},{"name":"GICIENSA Group, Medicine Program, University of Nari\u00f1o","place":["Pasto, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Igua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Group, CESUN, University of Nari\u00f1o","place":["Pasto, Colombia"]},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Nari\u00f1o","place":["Pasto, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harold Mauricio","family":"Casas Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Group, CESUN, University of Nari\u00f1o","place":["Pasto, Colombia"]},{"name":"GICIENSA Group, Medicine Program, University of Nari\u00f1o","place":["Pasto, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Pazos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Group, CESUN, University of Nari\u00f1o","place":["Pasto, Colombia"]},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Nari\u00f1o","place":["Pasto, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arsenio","family":"Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Group, CESUN, University of Nari\u00f1o","place":["Pasto, Colombia"]},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Nari\u00f1o","place":["Pasto, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37095-4","article-title":"VacA promotes CagA accumulation in gastric epithelial cells during Helicobacter pylori infection.","volume":"9","author":"Abdullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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