{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:18:34Z","timestamp":1787026714729,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) has been reported to attenuate ulcerative colitis (UC) and restore intestinal barrier integrity. However, it remains unclear whether culture supernatant or extracellular vesicles (EVs) are more effective.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      UC was induced in mice to compare the effects of\n                      <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      25 (LP25) supernatant and EVs on disease severity, survival, and tight junction protein expression. Gut microbiota and metabolism were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , LPS-stimulated Caco-2 cells and a Caco-2\/RAW 264.7 co-culture model were used to evaluate barrier integrity, immune responses, and TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway activation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with EVs, LP25 supernatant significantly improved survival, alleviated disease severity, preserved tight junction protein expression, modulated gut microbiota, enhanced intestinal functional protein expression, and inhibited macrophage TLR4\/NF-\u03baB activation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LP25 supernatant exerts superior protective effects compared with EVs in alleviating UC and maintaining intestinal barrier function, highlighting its potential as a functional component for dietary interventions targeting inflammatory bowel diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1742486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T06:32:09Z","timestamp":1768545129000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The supernatant of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 25 is more effective than extracellular vesicles in alleviating ulcerative colitis and improving intestinal barrier function"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shuang","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University","place":["Jinzhou, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Stomatology, Shenyang Medical College","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]},{"name":"Shenyang Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Systemic Important Diseases Associated with Oral Diseases","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University","place":["Jinzhou, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University","place":["Jinzhou, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruixia","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University","place":["Jinzhou, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yibo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University","place":["Jinzhou, Liaoning, China"]},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center Zoonosis Prevention and Treatment of Jinzhou Medical University","place":["Jinzhou, Liaoning, China"]},{"name":"Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Human Phenome Research, Jinzhou Medical University","place":["Jinzhou, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b06294","article-title":"Protective effect of kaempferol on Lps-induced inflammation and barrier dysfunction in a coculture model of intestinal epithelial cells and intestinal microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"68","author":"Bian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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