{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T21:35:07Z","timestamp":1785879307452,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008678","name":"Universit\u00e4t Leipzig","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008678","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The present study provides first time the comprehensive molecular and phenotypic characterization of antimicrobial-resistant, biofilm-forming, and virulent\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. isolated from apparently healthy ducks and their environments in West Bengal, India. A total of 462 samples from Indigenous, Khaki Campbell, and Pekin ducks yielded 436 isolates, of which 42.2% were ESBL producers carrying\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>TEM<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    (36.5%),\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>CTX<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2212\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    (20.6%),\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>SHV<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    (17.7%), and\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>AmpC<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    (32.6%). Sequence analysis revealed multiple clinically relevant alleles, including\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>TEM<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    -164,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>CTX<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2212\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    -15, and\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>SHV<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    -45, underscoring their potential public health significance. The isolates were also screened for biofilm genes (\n                    <jats:italic>csgA, sdiA, rpoS, rcsA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and the virulence gene\n                    <jats:italic>invA<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Biofilm-associated genes were widely distributed (\n                    <jats:italic>csgA<\/jats:italic>\n                    : 54.59%,\n                    <jats:italic>sdiA<\/jats:italic>\n                    : 52.52%,\n                    <jats:italic>rpoS<\/jats:italic>\n                    : 80.28%,\n                    <jats:italic>rcsA<\/jats:italic>\n                    : 63.76%), while 141 (32.34%) of isolates possessed the\n                    <jats:italic>invA<\/jats:italic>\n                    virulence marker. Of 26 selected strains, high multi-drug resistance was detected, mainly against tetracycline and cefixime. Phylogenetic analysis of ESBL gene sequences showed clustering across avian, animal, and clinical (human)\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates, indicating potential interspecies transmission and evolutionary divergence. Notably, strong positive correlations were observed among biofilm formation, multidrug resistance, and virulence (\u03c4 = 0.656, \u03c1 = 0.765,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.001). Western blotting further identified two unique polypeptide markers (69 and 35 kDa) with diagnostic potential for detecting resistant, virulent, and biofilm-forming\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In short, these findings highlight, for the first time, duck as silent reservoirs of high-risk\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains, and propose novel protein markers to facilitate early detection at the human-animal-environment interface.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1753559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T06:47:49Z","timestamp":1769150869000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Novel insights into antimicrobial-resistant, virulent and biofilm-forming Salmonella: Molecular and phenotypic evidence from duck at the human-animal-environment interface"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Aditya","family":"Paul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddhartha Narayan","family":"Joardar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indranil","family":"Samanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunal","family":"Batabyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prakash","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Abd El","family":"Wahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajarshi","family":"Bardhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keshab Chandra","family":"Dhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Research, Extension and Farms, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjoy","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2015_1127","article-title":"Analysis of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli biofilm formation under different growth conditions","volume":"62","author":"Adamus-Bia\u0142ek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9546.1000458","article-title":"Polypeptide profiling of pangas catfish (pangasiuspangasius) serum globulin protein fraction and development of anti-pangas serum globulin-hrpo immunoconjugate for rapid detection of bacterial infection","author":"Adikesavalu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Aquac. Res. Dev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3923\/ajava.2012.351.355","article-title":"Isolation of Escherichia coli from ducks and duck related samples","volume":"7","author":"Adzitey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"1493","article-title":"Optimization of microtitre plate assay for the testing of biofilm formation ability in different Salmonellaserotypes","volume":"18","author":"Agarwal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2020.044","article-title":"Molecular screening of resistant and virulent genes in Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium from Poultry in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","volume":"40","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.7437","article-title":"Virulence genotypes of clinical SalmonellaSerovars from broilers in Egypt","volume":"10","author":"Ammar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104646","article-title":"Genomic and virulent characterization of a duck-associated Salmonella serovar Potsdam from China","volume":"104","author":"An","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1998.tb02319.x","article-title":"Chemical and immunological characterization of a low molecular weight outer membrane protein of Salmonella typhi","volume":"42","author":"Andrade","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.2000.4634","article-title":"Purification of integral outer-membrane protein OmpC, a surface antigen from Salmonella typhi for structure-function studies: a method applicable to enterobacterial major outer-membrane protein","volume":"283","author":"Arockiasamy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.01.018","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from retail raw meats in China","volume":"200","author":"Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13170","article-title":"Characterization of beta-lactamase and biofilm producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from organized and backyard farm ducks","volume":"69","author":"Banerjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn475","article-title":"Evidence for recombination among the alleles encoding TEM and SHV beta-lactamases","volume":"63","author":"Barlow","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0135402","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135402","article-title":"Distribution, numbers, and diversity of ESBL-producing E. coli in the poultry farm environment","volume":"10","author":"Blaak","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.08.002","article-title":"ESBL-and plasmidic class C \u00df-lactamase-producing E. coli strains isolated from poultry, pig and rabbit farms","volume":"118","author":"Blanc","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.12.3739-3743.2002","article-title":"Distribution of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Vietnam","volume":"46","author":"Cao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01542-07","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli producing extendedspectrum \u00df-lactamases isolated in Rome, Italy","volume":"46","author":"Carattoli","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.22.6.996-1006.1985","article-title":"Adherence of coagulase-negative Staphylococci to plastic tissue culture plates: a quantitative model for the adherence of Staphylococci to medical devices","volume":"22","author":"Christensen","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B18","year":"2020"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-15","article-title":"Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of invasive Salmonella infections","author":"Crump","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.2395-2400","article-title":"Circulation of oxytetracycline-and ciprofloxacin-resistant commensal Escherichia coli strains in broiler chickens and farm environments, Bangladesh","volume":"13","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.07.003","article-title":"Salmonella contamination of cereal ingredients for animal feeds","volume":"166","author":"Davies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2012.09.002","article-title":"Immunogenicity of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis virulence protein, InvH, and cross-reactivity of its antisera with Salmonella strains","volume":"168","author":"Dehghani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2018.03.005","article-title":"Pathogens transmitted in animal feces in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"221","author":"Delahoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1050-3","article-title":"Prevalence and clonal relationship of ESBL-producing Salmonella strains from humans and poultry in north-eastern Algeria","volume":"13","author":"Djeffal","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-017-0171-6","article-title":"Genetic markers associated with resistance to beta-lactam and quinolone antimicrobials in non-typhoidalSalmonella isolates from humans and animals in central Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"Eguale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"B26","unstructured":"Immunogenic properties of outer membrane proteins of Salmonella in chicken\n          \n          75\n          79\n          \n            \n              El-Fakar\n              S. A. Z.\n            \n            \n              Rabie\n              N. S.\n            \n          \n          Glob. Veterinaria\n          3\n          2009"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt163","article-title":"Presence of \u03b2-lactamases in extended-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant Salmonellaenterica of 30 different serovars in Germany 2005\u201311","volume":"68","author":"Eller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10050373","article-title":"Emergence of colistin and carbapenem resistance in extended spectrum \u00df-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from chickens and humans in Egypt","volume":"10","author":"Elmonir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/49.1.77","article-title":"Patterns and mechanisms of resistance to \u03b2-lactams and \u03b2-lactamase inhibitors in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from dogs in Portugal","volume":"49","author":"F\u00e9ria","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4273","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00598-11","article-title":"Population dynamics of Salmonella enterica serotypes in commercial poultry production","volume":"77","author":"Foley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2007.03.013","article-title":"Prevalence, distribution and characterisation of ceftiofur resistance in Salmonellaenterica isolated from animals in the USA from 1999 to 2003","volume":"30","author":"Frye","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105236","article-title":"Environmental contamination and horizontal transmission of Salmonella Enteritidis among experimentally infected layer pullets in indoor cage-free housing","volume":"104","author":"Gast","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr527","article-title":"Veterinary hospital-acquired infections in pets with a ciprofloxacin-resistant CTX-M-15-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST15 clone","volume":"67","author":"Haenni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.5799\/ahinjs.02.2011.03.0023","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella from the eggs of commercial samples","volume":"1","author":"Harsha","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki190","article-title":"\u00df-Lactamases among extended-spectrum \u00df-lactamase (ESBL)-resistant Salmonella from poultry, poultry products and human patients in The Netherlands","volume":"56","author":"Hasman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11993","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02566","article-title":"Role of the environment in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance to humans: a review","volume":"49","author":"Huijbers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"B37","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0","author":"IBM","year":"2015"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050579","article-title":"Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from broilers in the East Coast of PeninsularMalaysia","volume":"10","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev137","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of Salmonella spp. isolated from commercial layer farms in Korea","volume":"94","author":"Im","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02488-z","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from lesions of colibacillosis in broiler chickens in Sistan, Iran","volume":"16","author":"Jahantigh","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2013.1608","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of extended-spectrum \u00df-lactamases and Escherichia coli isolated from retail foods including chicken meat in Japan","volume":"11","author":"Kawamura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1992.tb01839.x","volume":"72","author":"Kerr","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13265","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.13265","article-title":"Dust sprinkling as an effective method for infecting layer chickens with wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium and changes in host gut microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Khan","year":"2024"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-017-0095-8","article-title":"Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistant non-typhoidalSalmonella from poultry industries in Korea","volume":"70","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ir. Vet. J"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0332-x","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic characteristics of Salmonella in free-living birds in Poland","volume":"11","author":"Krawiec","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/227680a0","article-title":"Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4","volume":"227","author":"Laemmli","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2008.01.001","volume":"25","author":"Little","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00159","article-title":"Presence and persistence of Salmonella in water: the impact on microbial quality of water and food safety","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2020.1866960","article-title":"The epidemiological significance of duck meat as a source of Salmonella spp. a review","volume":"77","author":"Ljubojevi\u0107 Peli\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Worlds Poult. Sci. J"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","article-title":"Proteinmeasurementwith the Folin phenol reagent","volume":"193","author":"Lowry","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pan drug resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2005.06.003","article-title":"Immunoreactive antigens of the outer membrane protein of Aeromonashydrophila, isolated from goldfish, Carassiusauratus (Linn.)","volume":"20","author":"Maji","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1086\/650733","article-title":"The global burden of nontyphoidalSalmonella gastroenteritis","volume":"50","author":"Majowicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040795","article-title":"Antibiotic use in agriculture and its consequential resistance in environmental sources: potential public health implications","volume":"23","author":"Manyi-Loh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-019-0677-4","article-title":"From hatch to egg grading: monitoring of Salmonella shedding in free-range egg production systems","volume":"50","author":"McWhorter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2015.03.010","article-title":"Isolation, serotype diversity and antibiogram of Salmonella enterica isolated from different species of poultry in India","volume":"5","author":"Mir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.29.3.2011","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from poultry in Kashmir","volume":"29","author":"Mir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3329\/bjvm.v6i1.1331","article-title":"Isolation, identification and characterization of Salmonella from duck","volume":"6","author":"Mondal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bangladesh J. Vet. Med"},{"key":"B59","first-page":"155","article-title":"Research note occurrence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in ducks and duck eggs in Selangor, Malaysia","volume":"30","author":"Nor Faiza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed"},{"key":"B60","first-page":"3008","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of enteric bacteria isolated from duck droppings","volume":"45","author":"Olaitan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biosci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773213Y.0000000118","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Salmonella enterica in day-old ducklings in Egypt","volume":"108","author":"Osman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.657-686.2005","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u00df-lactamases: a clinical update","volume":"18","author":"Paterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13302","article-title":"Effect of soil type and temperature on survival of Salmonella enterica in poultry manure-amended soils","volume":"71","author":"Phan-Thien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"B64","first-page":"909","article-title":"Study on 16s rRNA based PCR method for specific detection of SalmonellaentericaTyphi from gut of infected silkworm Bombyxmori (Linn.)","volume":"70","author":"Pradhap","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sci. Ind. Res"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2005.222.227","article-title":"Evaluation of Salmonella Gallinarum Outer Membrane Protein Based Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies in vaccinated and infected chicken","volume":"4","author":"Prakash","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2013.01.003","article-title":"Evaluation of recombinant outer membrane protein based vaccine against Salmonella Typhimurium in birds","volume":"41","author":"Prejit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206446","article-title":"Management options for reducing the release of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes to the environment","volume":"121","author":"Pruden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect"},{"key":"B68","author":"Quinn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clinical Veterinary Microbiology"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2016.c177","article-title":"Isolation and antibiogram of Salmonella spp. from duck and pigeon in Dinajpur, Bangladesh","volume":"3","author":"Rahman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-8508(92)90002-F","article-title":"Amplification of an invA gene sequence of SalmonellaTyphimurium by polymerase chain reaction as a specific method of detection of Salmonella","volume":"6","author":"Rahn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Probes"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01420-09","article-title":"Many chromosomal genes modulate MarA-mediated multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli","volume":"54","author":"Ruiz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother"},{"key":"B72","first-page":"37","article-title":"Potential use of enzyme conjugated anti-carp immunoglobulin in detecting specific antibodies in carp","volume":"25","author":"Sahoo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J. Comp. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2005.557.559","article-title":"Detection of invA gene in isolated Salmonella from broilers by PCR method","volume":"4","author":"Salehi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252317000020","article-title":"Types and prevalence of extended\u2013spectrum beta\u2013lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in poultry","volume":"18","author":"Saliu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2013-00929","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella serotypes isolated from backyard poultry flocks in West Bengal, India","volume":"23","author":"Samanta","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res"},{"key":"B76","first-page":"669","article-title":"The Sensitivity Level of Salmonella enterica ESBL+ Transconjugants to Normal Human Serum Correlated with OMP Band Patterns Obtained by SDS-PAGE","volume":"19","author":"Sarowska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med"},{"key":"B77","article-title":"Salmonella infection in calves: virulence proteins and its immunogenic properties","author":"Seleim","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vet"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2019.033","article-title":"Characterization of Salmonellaenterica isolated from poultry hatcheries and commercial broiler chickens","volume":"39","author":"Shehata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2013-0053","article-title":"Clonal relationship of Escherichia coli biofilm producer isolates obtained from mastitic milk","volume":"59","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03362.x","article-title":"Low molecular weight proteins of outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium are immunogenic in Salmonella induced reactive arthritis revealed by proteomics","volume":"148","author":"Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.15547\/bjvm.1027","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic characteristics of Salmonella strains in wild Mallard ducks (Anasplatyrhynchos) in Semnan suburb, Iran","volume":"20","author":"Staji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bulg. J. Vet. Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_630.x","article-title":"Quantification of biofilm in microtiter plates: overview of testing conditions and practical recommendations for assessment of biofilm production by staphylococci","volume":"115","author":"StepanoviC","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-5975.119797","article-title":"Determination of correlation between biofilm and extended spectrum \u03b2 lactamases producers of Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"2","author":"Subramanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schol. Res. J."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4350","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.9.4350","article-title":"Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications","volume":"76","author":"Towbin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01967254","article-title":"Early diagnosis of typhoid feverby enzyme immunoassay usingSalmonellatyphioutermembrane protein preparation","volume":"12","author":"Verdugo-Rodrigues","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2004.01586.x","article-title":"Investigation of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in avian species in India","volume":"39","author":"Wani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5767","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.12.5767-5773.2004","article-title":"Emergence of extended-spectrum-\u03b2-lactamase (CTX-M-9)-producing multiresistant strains of Salmonellaenterica serotype Virchow in poultry and humans in France","volume":"42","author":"Weill","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120302543","article-title":"Salmonella and eggs: from production to plate","volume":"12","author":"Whiley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-14-018","article-title":"Prevalence of Salmonella isolates and antimicrobial resistance in poultry meat from South Korea","volume":"77","author":"Yoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food. Prot."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02104","article-title":"Highly prevalent multidrug-resistant Salmonella from chicken and pork meat at retail markets in Guangdong, China","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1753559\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T06:47:53Z","timestamp":1769150873000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1753559\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"references-count":90,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1753559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1753559","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"article-number":"1753559"}}