{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:01:55Z","timestamp":1792450915758,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n The ESKAPEE pathogens\n Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>\n spp. and\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n are the leading causes of nosocomial infections and are notorious for their multidrug resistance (MDR). Data on their prevalence and resistance patterns in Somalia remain scarce. This study aims to delineate the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance profiles of ESKAPEE isolates from the intensive care unit (ICU) patients over 5 years at Somali Turkish Recep Tayyip Erdogan Hospital, Mogadishu.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A retrospective review was conducted based on microbiological data from ICU patients admitted between January 2020 and October 2024. Clinical specimens were processed using standard microbiological techniques, and isolates were identified via biochemical assays. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method in accordance with CLSI guidelines. MDR was defined as resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes. Data were analyzed using R software v4.1.2.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 1,632 ESKAPEE isolates were obtained from 1,632 clinical specimens.\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n was the most common pathogen (42.16%), followed by\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n (17.77%),\n P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n (17.65%), and\n A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n (11.89%). The rate of MDR was higher in\n A<\/jats:italic>\n .\n baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n (85%) and\n K<\/jats:italic>\n .\n pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n (78%). Notably, carbapenem resistance was present in 70% of\n A<\/jats:italic>\n .\n baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n and 55% of\n K<\/jats:italic>\n .\n pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n isolates. There was low resistance to vancomycin among\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n isolates resistance reached approximately 6% in 2024; overall susceptibility remained 94%. Resistance to vancomycin was found in 12.5% of\n E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n isolates. Methicillin-resistant\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n (MRSA) increased sharply to a peak of 78.8% in 2023 before declining in 2024, highlighting unstable but concerning resistance dynamics. MDR patterns differed across pathogens, with multi-drug resistance most common among Gram-negative species.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n The high prevalence of MDR ESKAPEE pathogens, particularly carbapenem-resistant\n A<\/jats:italic>\n .\n baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n and\n K<\/jats:italic>\n .\n pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n , underscores the urgent need for robust antimicrobial stewardship and infection control strategies in Somali ICUs. Continuous surveillance and tailored empiric therapy protocols are critical to combating the mounting AMR threat in resource-limited settings.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1717344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:35:22Z","timestamp":1777613722000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance trends of ESKAPEE pathogens isolated from intensive care unit patients at a tertiary care hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia: a retrospective study (2020\u20132024)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ahmed Hassan","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Mogadishu Somali Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan Training and Research Hospital","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan Adan Ali","family":"Adan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Mogadishu Somali Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan Training and Research Hospital","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Hasan","family":"Idiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan Training and Research Hospital","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suleiman Mohamed","family":"Asir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Mogadishu Somali Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan Training and Research Hospital","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said Mohamed","family":"Mohamud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Mogadishu Somali Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan Training and Research Hospital","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liban Abdi","family":"Nor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Mogadishu Somali Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan Training and Research Hospital","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahye Sheikh Abdulle","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustapha Goni","family":"Abatcha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP)","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullahi Ahmed","family":"Tahlil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health and Human Services","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Zamzam University of Science and Technology","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Epidemic Intelligence and Pandemic Readiness","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Abdelrahman","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]},{"name":"One Health Unit, Ministry of Health and Human Services","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]},{"name":"Somali Microbiology Society","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S471645","article-title":"ESKAPEE pathogens: Antimicrobial resistance patterns, risk factors, and outcomes: A retrospective cross-sectional study of hospitalized patients in palestine.","volume":"17","author":"Abukhalil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. 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