{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T04:49:37Z","timestamp":1775710177903,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The relationship between gut microbiota, metabolites, immune environment, and coronary heart disease (CHD) remains incompletely understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study enrolled 100 non-CHD controls and 302 CHD patients, including 102 with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), 100 with chronic stable angina pectoris (CSAP), and 100 with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM). Gut microbiota was analyzed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing, plasma trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln) were measured by mass spectrometry, and flow cytometry was used to assess T, B, and natural killer (NK) lymphocyte subsets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CHD patients showed reduced gut microbial richness (Chao1 and ACE indices,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05) compared to controls, with enriched\n                      <jats:italic>Actinomycetaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Rothia Micrococcaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Bacilli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Dialister<\/jats:italic>\n                      in CHD groups. Predicted microbial functional pathways, including glutathione metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, were significantly reduced in CHD patients based on PICRUSt2 analysis. PAGln levels were significantly higher in CHD especially in ACS patients than in controls (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.0016), positively correlating with CHD severity (GRACE score, Spearman\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.243,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), while TMAO showed no significant difference. PAGln negatively correlated with total lymphocytes, T cells, and B cells, and was associated with altered abundances of\n                      <jats:italic>Parabacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Tannerellaceae, Bacilli<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and so on.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CHD is associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis, and reduced microbial richness, which may influence immune homeostasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1726262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T04:11:38Z","timestamp":1775707898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated analysis reveals microbiota\u2013metabolite\u2013immune alterations associated with coronary heart disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Baoquan","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Care Unit, Qinhuangdao Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital","place":["Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Care Unit, Qinhuangdao Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital","place":["Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Care Unit, Qinhuangdao Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital","place":["Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhihua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Care Unit, Qinhuangdao Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital","place":["Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Administration Office, Qinhuangdao Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital","place":["Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shushen","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Shanghai Zhangjiang Medical Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai Biotecan Medical Laboratory Co., Ltd.","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangman","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Shanghai Zhangjiang Medical Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai Biotecan Medical Laboratory Co., Ltd.","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5420","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065420","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiome in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"24","author":"Al Samarraie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. 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