{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T07:54:17Z","timestamp":1772697257674,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance in the Enterobacteriaceae poses a global health concern by jeopardizing the effectiveness of antibiotics. The scarcity of new antibiotics has prompted increased interest in natural bioactive secondary metabolites derived from microbial sources and their co-action with existing antimicrobials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, we investigated the bioactivity of crude extracts from\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      MC9 (accession no. MK530186) and evaluated the\n                      <jats:italic>in-vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      antimicrobial-augmenting efficacy of its quorum sensing (QS) effectors against multidrug-resistant strains of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhi (\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhi-29C),\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium (\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium-W20), and\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      SS1). Mass spectrometry was used to identify secondary metabolites, and combination assays followed by growth curve analysis were performed to assess interaction effects under sub-inhibitory conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The MC9 extract exhibited inhibition zones of 26\u00b11.5, 24\u00b11, and 19\u00b11.5 mm, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 16, 32, and 256 mg\/mL against S. Typhimurium-W20, S. Typhi-29C, and E. coli-E92, respectively. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed the presence of 5-methyl-1(5H)-phenazinone (pyocyanin), rhamnolipids, 4-hydroxy-2heptylquinoline (PQS), and 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolone (HHQ). Notably, pyocyanin and rhamnolipids exhibited significant antimicrobial activities across a concentration range from 0.04 mg\/mL to 50 mg\/mL, whereas HHQ and PQS showed no anti-Enterobacteriaceae activity up to 5 mg\/mL. Combination assays demonstrated that all four QS effectors potentiate the activity of conventional antibiotics. Pyocyanin showed the highest synergistic effect, with a 300% increase in the inhibition zone when combined with sulfamethoxazole\/trimethoprim (23.75\/1.25 \u00b5g\/mL) against\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium-W20. Rhamnolipids exhibited a 106% increase in synergy with ceftriaxone (30\u202f\u03bcg\/mL) against\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      -SS1, whereas HHQ (10\u202f\u03bcg\/mL) showed a 257% increase with ampicillin (10\u202f\u03bcg\/mL) against\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      -SS1. PQS displayed the highest synergistic effect of 109% with amoxicillin clavulanic acid (30\u202f\u03bcg\/mL) against\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      -SS1. Moreover, growth curve analysis revealed a dose-dependent reduction in bacterial growth with sub-inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobials, particularly for the combinations exhibiting the highest synergy across the QS effectors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings demonstrate the potential of the QS effectors in reducing the required dosage of antibiotics against resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains and highlight the need to develop a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms for the co-action of antimicrobials and QS mediators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1726554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T06:55:16Z","timestamp":1772693716000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unlocking the potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa QS intermediates as antimicrobial synergists against three multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Saba","family":"Kiran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS)","place":["Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan"]},{"name":"Boyce Thompson Institute","place":["Ithaca, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alaa S.","family":"Alhegaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","place":["Alkharj, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noura","family":"Al-Dayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","place":["Alkharj, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zubera","family":"Naseem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS)","place":["Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Waqar","family":"Siddique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health 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Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sobia","family":"Jabeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS)","place":["Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fazal-E","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS)","place":["Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saman","family":"Taj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied 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