{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T11:50:28Z","timestamp":1793879428146,"version":"4.7.0"},"reference-count":200,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aging society presents a growing challenge in the form of osteosarcopenia (OS). This syndrome is marked by the concomitant deterioration of bone (osteoporosis) and muscle (sarcopenia), and significantly elevates the risks of fractures, disability, and mortality. Despite its clinical relevance, the shared pathophysiology and effective interventions for OS remain elusive. Emerging evidence highlights the gut microbiota (GM) as a critical modulator of musculoskeletal health. This review integrates current evidence to delineate \u201cgut-muscle-bone Axis\u201d framework, summarizing current evidence on how GM dysbiosis may be involved in OS through multifaceted mechanisms, including intestinal barrier disruption, chronic inflammation, endocrine dysregulation, impaired nutrient absorption, and disrupted muscle-bone crosstalk. GM-derived metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), interact with immune, metabolic, and hormonal pathways to influence osteoblast\/osteoclast activity and muscle protein synthesis. Furthermore, systemic inflammation triggered by GM imbalance exacerbates bone resorption and muscle atrophy. The axis also highlights bidirectional feedback between muscle and bone, mediated by myokines (e.g., irisin) and osteokines (e.g., osteocalcin), which synergistically regulate musculoskeletal homeostasis. Therapeutic strategies targeting GM modulation\u2014such as dietary optimization (plant-based proteins, high-fiber diets), probiotics\/prebiotics, exercise, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)\u2014suggest a potential capacity to modulate gut\u2013muscle\u2013bone interactions, which may be relevant to osteosarcopenia-related pathophysiological processes. This review proposes an integrative conceptual framework for understanding the pathogenesis of OS, synthesizing evidence primarily derived from osteoporosis and sarcopenia research, as well as animal and mechanistic studies. While direct clinical evidence in OS remains limited, emerging findings suggest that microbiota-centered strategies may hold potential for future preventive and therapeutic exploration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1729870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T06:47:48Z","timestamp":1770187668000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exploring osteosarcopenia from the gut microbiota perspective: mechanistic insights and therapeutic potentials based on the gut-muscle-bone Axis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hao-bo","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changsha, Hunan, China"]},{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changsha, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changsha, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changsha, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-ying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changsha, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-qing","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shao-feng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changsha, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2022.1428","article-title":"Decreased serum level of sclerostin in older adults with sarcopenia","volume":"37","author":"Ahn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2676","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13342","article-title":"Altered gut microbiome, bile acid composition and metabolome in sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis","volume":"14","author":"Aliwa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cachexia. Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.054","article-title":"Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP","volume":"132","author":"Baggio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/58.8.m728","article-title":"A comparison of leg power and leg strength within the inchianti study: which influences mobility more?","volume":"58","author":"Bean","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00540.x","article-title":"Where tendons and ligaments meet bone: attachment sites ('entheses') in relation to exercise and\/or mechanical load","volume":"208","author":"Benjamin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2015.00081","article-title":"Oxytocin reverses osteoporosis in a sex-dependent manner","volume":"6","author":"Beranger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786752","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/786752","article-title":"Loading and skeletal development and maintenance","volume":"2011","author":"Bergmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Osteoporos."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11144119","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation as new therapeutic avenue for human diseases","volume":"11","author":"Biazzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2019.100946","article-title":"Gut microbiota and osteoarthritis management: an expert consensus of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and musculoskeletal diseases (ESCEO)","volume":"55","author":"Biver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10777","article-title":"A pgc1-\u03b1-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis","volume":"481","author":"Bostr\u00f6m","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2249150","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2249150","article-title":"Linking serum vitamin d levels with gut microbiota after 1-year lifestyle intervention with mediterranean diet in patients with obesity and metabolic syndrome: a nested cross-sectional and prospective study","volume":"15","author":"Boughanem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.01.009","article-title":"Gut microbiome lipid metabolism and its impact on host physiology","volume":"31","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.224196","article-title":"Soy protein compared with milk protein in a western diet increases gut microbial diversity and reduces serum lipids in golden Syrian hamsters","volume":"146","author":"Butteiger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-08237-9","article-title":"Association of calf circumference with osteoporosis and hip fracture in middle-aged and older adults: a secondary analysis","volume":"25","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e930","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2020-000930","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between gut microbiota and exercise: short-chain fatty acids and their role in metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Carey","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238800","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1238800","article-title":"Causal effects of specific gut microbiota on musculoskeletal diseases: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4409","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.64533","article-title":"Pirna-63049 inhibits bone formation through wnt\/beta-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877776","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.877776","article-title":"Gut microbiota and bone diseases: a growing partnership","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8040205","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum twk10 supplementation improves exercise performance and increases muscle mass in mice","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15050301","article-title":"Gut microbiota modulation in osteoporosis: probiotics, prebiotics, and natural compounds","volume":"15","author":"Chu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Meta"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa755","article-title":"Osteosarcopenia: where osteoporosis and sarcopenia collide","volume":"60","author":"Clynes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902186","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/902186","article-title":"Irisin enhances osteoblast differentiation in vitro","volume":"2014","author":"Colaianni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2010.03.021","article-title":"Genetic evidence that sost inhibits wnt signaling in the limb","volume":"342","author":"Collette","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620466","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.620466","article-title":"Healthy gut, healthy bones: targeting the gut microbiome to promote bone health","volume":"11","author":"Cooney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-023-00482-1","article-title":"Prospects and challenges for nitrogen-atom transfer catalysis","volume":"7","author":"Cosio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Chem."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12480","article-title":"Dietary intervention impact on gut microbial gene richness","volume":"500","author":"Cotillard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: revised european consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11030338","article-title":"Sarcopenia is a cause and consequence of metabolic dysregulation in aging humans: effects of gut dysbiosis, glucose dysregulation, diet and lifestyle","volume":"11","author":"Daily","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3917","article-title":"Myostatin is a direct regulator of osteoclast differentiation and its inhibition reduces inflammatory joint destruction in mice","volume":"21","author":"Dankbar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8030092","article-title":"Prebiotics: definition, types, sources, mechanisms, and clinical applications","volume":"8","author":"Davani-Davari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","article-title":"Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome","volume":"505","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656730","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.656730","article-title":"Targeting the gut microbiota to improve dietary protein efficacy to mitigate sarcopenia","volume":"8","author":"de Marco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2022.101620","article-title":"Amino acid metabolism in skeletal cells","volume":"17","author":"Devignes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03374-w","article-title":"Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation: a narrative review","volume":"19","author":"Di Vincenzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2019.0523","article-title":"Gut microbiome and osteoporosis","volume":"11","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.02.011","article-title":"The aromatic amino acid tryptophan stimulates skeletal muscle igf1\/p70s6k\/mtor signaling in vivo and the expression of myogenic genes in vitro","volume":"31","author":"Dukes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3459","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.10.5167","article-title":"A phex gene mutation is responsible for adult-onset vitamin d-resistant hypophosphatemic osteomalacia: evidence that the disorder is not a distinct entity from x-linked hypophosphatemic rickets","volume":"83","author":"Econs","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.04.016","article-title":"Osteoporosis and sarcopenia in older age","volume":"80","author":"Edwards","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032711","article-title":"Moderating gut microbiome\/mitochondrial axis in oxazolone induced ulcerative colitis: the evolving role of \u03b2-glucan and\/or, aldose reductase inhibitor, fidarestat","volume":"24","author":"El-Deeb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.10.010","article-title":"Microbiota-derived acetate enables the metabolic fitness of the brain innate immune system during health and disease","volume":"33","author":"Erny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16244","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202216244","article-title":"Microbiota dysbiosis influences immune system and muscle pathophysiology of dystrophin-deficient mice","volume":"15","author":"Farini","year":"2023","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4393","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI46122","article-title":"Fgf23 induces left ventricular hypertrophy","volume":"121","author":"Faul","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2019.110722","article-title":"Muscle strength is increased in mice that are colonized with microbiota from high-functioning older adults","volume":"127","author":"Fielding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-10-253","article-title":"Fecal microbial determinants of fecal and systemic estrogens and estrogen metabolites: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Flores","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0188-7","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids as potential regulators of skeletal muscle metabolism and function","volume":"2","author":"Frampton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13030885","article-title":"Secondary sarcopenia and spinal cord injury: clinical associations and health outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Gherle","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155638","article-title":"Sarcopenia, osteoporosis and frailty","volume":"145","author":"Gielen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12964","article-title":"Gut microbes and muscle function: can probiotics make our muscles stronger?","volume":"13","author":"Giron","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia. Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.76584","article-title":"Intestinal gcn2 controls drosophila systemic growth in response to lactiplantibacillus plantarum symbiotic cues encoded by r\/trna operons","volume":"12","author":"Grenier","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106930","article-title":"Estrogen deficiency induces bone loss through the gut microbiota","volume":"196","author":"Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e318201f601","article-title":"A role for myokines in muscle-bone interactions","volume":"39","author":"Hamrick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"64","article-title":"Role of muscle-derived growth factors in bone formation","volume":"10","author":"Hamrick","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060793","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in the skeletal muscle development and fat deposition in pigs","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e95268","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095268","article-title":"The effects of propionate and valerate on insulin responsiveness for glucose uptake in 3t3-l1 adipocytes and c2c12 myotubes via g protein-coupled receptor 41","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665117001951","article-title":"Female hormones: do they influence muscle and tendon protein metabolism?","volume":"77","author":"Hansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416739","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1416739","article-title":"From gut to bone: deciphering the impact of gut microbiota on osteoporosis pathogenesis and management","volume":"14","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00097","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and bone: consequences of endogenous and exogenous excess and replacement therapy","volume":"39","author":"Hardy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2025.01.224","article-title":"Exercise, the gut microbiome and gastrointestinal diseases: therapeutic impact and molecular mechanisms","volume":"169","author":"Hawley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0169-6009(08)80086-4","article-title":"Bone mineral density of female athletes in different sports","volume":"23","author":"Heinonen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bone Miner."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030432","article-title":"Interactions between muscle and bone-where physics meets biology","volume":"10","author":"Herrmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2006.10.003","article-title":"Ablation of vitamin d signaling rescues bone, mineral, and glucose homeostasis in fgf-23 deficient mice","volume":"26","author":"Hesse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/21551197.2011.623931","article-title":"The frailty syndrome: a comprehensive review","volume":"30","author":"Heuberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01434-9","article-title":"High-protein plant-based diet versus a protein-matched omnivorous diet to support resistance training adaptations: a comparison between habitual vegans and omnivores","volume":"51","author":"Hevia-Larra\u00edn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-1259fje","article-title":"Skeletal myocytes are a source of interleukin-6 mrna expression and protein release during contraction: evidence of fiber type specificity","volume":"18","author":"Hiscock","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282806","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/282806","article-title":"Lactoferrin induces osteoblast growth through igf-1r","volume":"2015","author":"Hou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-020-0651-1","article-title":"The gut microbiota contributes to the development of staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in mice","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.03.006","article-title":"The glut4 glucose transporter","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10015","article-title":"Crosstalk between mlo-y4 osteocytes and c2c12 muscle cells is mediated by the wnt\/beta-catenin pathway","volume":"1","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jbmr Plus."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00191","article-title":"A review of the role of the gut microbiome in personalized sports nutrition","volume":"6","author":"Hughes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000225","article-title":"The central role of osteocytes in the four adaptive pathways of bone's mechanostat","volume":"48","author":"Hughes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab077","article-title":"Fueling gut microbes: a review of the interaction between diet, exercise, and the gut microbiota in athletes","volume":"12","author":"Hughes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553655","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1553655","article-title":"Deciphering the gut microbiome's metabolic code: pathways to bone health and novel therapeutic avenues","volume":"16","author":"Hwang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1159\/000541999","article-title":"Gut microbiota-bone axis","volume":"81","author":"Indrio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s12018-013-9152-3","article-title":"Physiology of mechanotransduction: how do muscle and bone \"talk\" to one another?","volume":"12","author":"Isaacson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2017.1318724","article-title":"Effects of a multispecies probiotic supplement on bone health in osteopenic postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Jafarnejad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521002828","article-title":"Effects of dietary tryptophan on muscle growth, protein synthesis and antioxidant capacity in hybrid catfish pelteobagrus vachelli\u2640 \u00d7 leiocassis longirostris\u2642","volume":"127","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e313193","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313193","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis, sarcopenia, osteoporosis and osteosarcopenia in older people: a systematic review protocol","volume":"20","author":"Jos\u00e9","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-013-9813-8","article-title":"Mechanically loaded myotubes affect osteoclast formation","volume":"94","author":"Juffer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4936","DOI":"10.1039\/d3fo05420a","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus idcc3201 alleviates sarcopenia by modulating the gut microbiota and metabolites in dexamethasone-induced models","volume":"15","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01622200","article-title":"Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: synopsis of a WHO report. WHO study group","volume":"4","author":"Kanis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.04.010","article-title":"The crosstalk between bone remodeling and energy metabolism: a translational perspective","volume":"34","author":"Karsenty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6323","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20246323","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying bone loss associated with gut inflammation","volume":"20","author":"Ke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S89585","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia in Germany and the corresponding effect of osteoarthritis in females 70 years and older living in the community: results of the formosa study","volume":"10","author":"Kemmler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01386-w","article-title":"Gut microbiota of the young ameliorates physical fitness of the aged in mice","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.10.025","article-title":"Irisin mediates effects on bone and fat via \u03b1v integrin receptors","volume":"175","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-020-00599-y","article-title":"Muscle, bone, and fat crosstalk: the biological role of myokines, osteokines, and adipokines","volume":"18","author":"Kirk","year":"","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12567","article-title":"Osteosarcopenia: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment-facts and numbers","volume":"11","author":"Kirk","year":"","journal-title":"J. Cachexia. Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061769","article-title":"Thyroid-gut-axis: how does the microbiota influence thyroid function?","volume":"12","author":"Knezevic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29107","article-title":"Ammonia lowering reverses sarcopenia of cirrhosis by restoring skeletal muscle proteostasis","volume":"65","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-024-00896-w","article-title":"Associations among estrogens, the gut microbiome and osteoporosis","volume":"23","author":"Kverka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5662","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan5662","article-title":"The gut microbiota influences skeletal muscle mass and function in mice","volume":"11","author":"Lahiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122688","article-title":"Effect of a hop extract standardized in 8-prenylnaringenin on bone health and gut microbiome in postmenopausal women with osteopenia: a one-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Lecomte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.12.017","article-title":"Irisin and fgf21 are cold-induced endocrine activators of brown fat function in humans","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115604","article-title":"The animal protein hydrolysate attenuates sarcopenia via the muscle-gut axis in aged mice","volume":"167","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.05.047","article-title":"Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton","volume":"130","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-021-00675-x","article-title":"The gut microbiome: a new frontier in musculoskeletal research","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S547803","article-title":"Denosumab for primary osteoporosis and its impact on sarcopenia in the chinese population: insights from clinical evidence and rankl pathway mendelian randomization","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X23500866","article-title":"Traditional chinese medicine in osteoporosis intervention and the related regulatory mechanism of gut microbiome","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110923","article-title":"Puerarin improves the bone micro-environment to inhibit ovx-induced osteoporosis via modulating scfas released by the gut microbiota and repairing intestinal mucosal integrity","volume":"132","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8779","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4550","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between gut microbiota and sarcopenia based on gut-muscle axis","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418778","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1418778","article-title":"Gut-muscle axis mechanism of exercise prevention of sarcopenia","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14262","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.28946","article-title":"Muscle-bone crosstalk and potential therapies for sarco-osteoporosis","volume":"120","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2016.07.020","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of lactobacillus plantarum lz227, a potential probiotic strain producing b-group vitamins","volume":"234","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2022.05.002","article-title":"Jintiange combined with alfacalcidol improves muscle strength and balance in primary osteoporosis: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, positive-controlled, multicenter clinical trial","volume":"35","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Translat."},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12784","article-title":"Understanding the gut microbiota and sarcopenia: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cachexia. Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1159\/000481752","article-title":"Osteocalcin induces proliferation via positive activation of the pi3k\/akt, p38 mapk pathways and promotes differentiation through activation of the gprc6a-erk1\/2 pathway in c2c12 myoblast cells","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13573","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids enhance muscle mass and function through the activation of mtor signalling pathways in sarcopenic mice","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cachexia. Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372399","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1372399","article-title":"Effect of gut hormones on bone metabolism and their possible mechanisms in the treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02490-4","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids regulate systemic bone mass and protect from pathological bone loss","volume":"9","author":"Lucas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01435","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiome on skeletal muscle mass and physical function: 2019 update","volume":"10","author":"Lustgarten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12788","article-title":"Human gut microbiome impacts skeletal muscle mass via gut microbial synthesis of the short-chain fatty acid butyrate among healthy menopausal women","volume":"12","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cachexia. Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9010071","article-title":"Identification of sclerostin as a putative new myokine involved in the muscle-to-bone crosstalk","volume":"9","author":"Magar\u00f2","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.012","article-title":"The impact of dietary fiber on gut microbiota in host health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Makki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadk9811","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adk9811","article-title":"Muscle-bone cross-talk through the fnip1-tfeb-igf2 axis is associated with bone metabolism in human and mouse","volume":"16","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3132","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31828bf29d","article-title":"Competitive athletic participation, thigh muscle strength, and bone density in elite senior athletes and controls","volume":"27","author":"McCrory","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.12.003","article-title":"Osteocalcin signaling in myofibers is necessary and sufficient for optimum adaptation to exercise","volume":"25","author":"Mera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.07.002","article-title":"Osteocalcin is necessary and sufficient to maintain muscle mass in older mice","volume":"5","author":"Mera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2017.06.006","article-title":"Corrigendum to \u201costeocalcin is necessary and sufficient to maintain muscle mass in older mice\u201d [Mol metabol 5 (2017) 1042-1047]","volume":"6","author":"Mera","year":"","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-023-00813-7","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in studies of the gut microbiome and osteoporosis","volume":"21","author":"Merrill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2025.01.025","article-title":"Leptin enhances the intracellular thyroid hormone activation in skeletal muscle to boost energy balance","volume":"37","author":"Miro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.12.009","article-title":"Transmitochondrial Mito-mice\u03b4 and mtdna mutator mice, but not aged mice, share the same spectrum of musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"456","author":"Mito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13294","article-title":"Faecal microbiota transplantation from young rats attenuates age-related sarcopenia revealed by multiomics analysis","volume":"14","author":"Mo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cachexia. Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2015.1026520","article-title":"Prostaglandin e2 promotes proliferation of skeletal muscle myoblasts via ep4 receptor activation","volume":"14","author":"Mo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004726","article-title":"Spinal cord injury: the global incidence, prevalence, and disability from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"48","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030337","article-title":"Effect of a protein supplement on the gut microbiota of endurance athletes: a randomized, controlled, double-blind pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Moreno-P\u00e9rez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002112","article-title":"Exercise training modulates gut microbiota profile and improves endotoxemia","volume":"52","author":"Motiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694217","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.694217","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel diseases and sarcopenia: the role of inflammation and gut microbiota in the development of muscle failure","volume":"12","author":"Nardone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01785-x","article-title":"The athlete gut microbiome and its relevance to health and performance: a review","volume":"52","author":"O'Brien","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01675-2","article-title":"Progressive resistance training for concomitant increases in muscle strength and bone mineral density in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"O'Bryan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4226","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30873","article-title":"Sclerostin aggravates insulin signaling in skeletal muscle and hepatic steatosis via upregulation of er stress by mtor-mediated inhibition of autophagy under hyperlipidemic conditions","volume":"237","author":"Oh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04083-0","article-title":"Host immunomodulatory lipids created by symbionts from dietary amino acids","volume":"600","author":"Oh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00049-2","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis should be expanded","volume":"3","author":"Papaioannou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00045.2006","article-title":"Grb14, gpd1, and gdf8 as potential network collaborators in weight loss-induced improvements in insulin action in human skeletal muscle","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Genomics"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-031522-092054","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in the relationship between diet and human health","volume":"85","author":"Perler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7616","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157616","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-mediated skeletal muscle atrophy: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"26","author":"Permpoon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101530","article-title":"Biomarkers shared by frailty and sarcopenia in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Picca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082285","article-title":"Impact of protein intake in older adults with sarcopenia and obesity: a gut microbiota perspective","volume":"12","author":"Prokopidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90881-5","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota contributes to the growth and physiological state of muscle tissue in piglets","volume":"11","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2012.02.027","article-title":"Role of fgf23 in vitamin d and phosphate metabolism: implications in chronic kidney disease","volume":"318","author":"Quarles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.09.011","article-title":"T cell subsets and their signature cytokines in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases","volume":"74","author":"Raphael","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00358","article-title":"Osteolytic breast cancer causes skeletal muscle weakness in an immunocompetent syngeneic mouse model","volume":"8","author":"Regan","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-017-0344-5","article-title":"The role of tgf\u03b2 in bone-muscle crosstalk","volume":"15","author":"Regan","year":"","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.14","article-title":"Phylogenetic distribution of three pathways for propionate production within the human gut microbiota","volume":"8","author":"Reichardt","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10452","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10452","article-title":"The gut microbiome is altered in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and osteopenia","volume":"5","author":"Rettedal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jbmr Plus"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00185","article-title":"Intestinal short chain fatty acids and their link with diet and human health","volume":"7","author":"R\u00edos-Covi\u00e1n","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1267950","article-title":"Effect of resistance exercise on serum levels of growth factors in humans","volume":"42","author":"Rojas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130689","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1130689","article-title":"Signalling cognition: the gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"14","author":"Rusch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.03.155","article-title":"Sarcopenia, cachexia, and muscle performance in heart failure: review update 2016","volume":"238","author":"Saitoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02821-8","article-title":"Global prevalence of osteoporosis among the world older adults: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Salari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2022.09.002","article-title":"Unlocking a novel determinant of athletic performance: the role of the gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and \"biotics\" in exercise","volume":"12","author":"Sales","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16125","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.125","article-title":"Interplay between microbial d-amino acids and host d-amino acid oxidase modifies murine mucosal defence and gut microbiota","volume":"1","author":"Sasabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66653-2_11","article-title":"Probiotics in gut-bone signaling","volume":"1033","author":"Schepper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00075","article-title":"Gut hormones and their effect on bone metabolism. Potential drug therapies in future osteoporosis treatment","volume":"10","author":"Schiellerup","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref155","first-page":"232","article-title":"From mechanostat theory to development of the \"functional muscle-bone-unit\"","volume":"5","author":"Schoenau","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact."},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2024.100757","article-title":"Type 1 collagen: synthesis, structure and key functions in bone mineralization","volume":"136","author":"Selvaraj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.09.005","article-title":"The joint occurrence of osteoporosis and sarcopenia (osteosarcopenia): definitions and characteristics","volume":"21","author":"Sep\u00falveda-Loyola","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e134736","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134736","article-title":"Electrically stimulated antagonist muscle contraction increased muscle mass and bone mineral density of one astronaut-initial verification on the international space station","volume":"10","author":"Shiba","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2397","article-title":"Dietary cheese whey protein protects rats against mild dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis: role of mucin and microbiota","volume":"93","author":"Sprong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3943","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233943","article-title":"Osteometabolism: metabolic alterations in bone pathologies","volume":"11","author":"Srivastava","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020180","article-title":"Recent perspectives regarding the role of dietary protein for the promotion of muscle hypertrophy with resistance exercise training","volume":"10","author":"Stokes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349253","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1349253","article-title":"The reciprocity of skeletal muscle and bone: an evolving view from mechanical coupling, secretory crosstalk to stem cell exchange","volume":"15","author":"Sui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-023-10105-2","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, metabolic and gut microbiota modulation activities of probiotic in cardiac remodeling condition: evidence from systematic study and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"15","author":"Taslim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins."},{"key":"ref164","first-page":"84","article-title":"Exercise and immune system as modulators of intestinal microbiome: implications for the gut-muscle axis hypothesis","volume":"25","author":"Ticinesi","year":"","journal-title":"Exerc. Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071633","article-title":"Gut microbiota, muscle mass and function in aging: a focus on physical frailty and sarcopenia","volume":"11","author":"Ticinesi","year":"","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-024-07320-0","article-title":"Gut microbiome and bone health: update on mechanisms, clinical correlations, and possible treatment strategies","volume":"36","author":"Ticinesi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00047","article-title":"The effects of vegetarian and vegan diets on gut microbiota","volume":"6","author":"Tomova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16213663","article-title":"Physical exercise and the gut microbiome: a bidirectional relationship influencing health and performance","volume":"16","author":"Varghese","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140786","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.0786","article-title":"Morphological and histological adaptation of muscle and bone to loading induced by repetitive activation of muscle","volume":"281","author":"Vickerton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00173","article-title":"Skeletal muscle, but not cardiovascular function, is altered in a mouse model of autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets","volume":"7","author":"Wacker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-023-00791-4","article-title":"The relationship between the gut microbiome and resistance training: a rapid review","volume":"16","author":"Wagner","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12387","article-title":"The histone deacetylase inhibitor butyrate improves metabolism and reduces muscle atrophy during aging","volume":"14","author":"Walsh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2263207","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2263207","article-title":"Progress of linking gut microbiota and musculoskeletal health: casualty, mechanisms, and translational values","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513253","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1513253","article-title":"Gut microbiota in patients with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4737","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15224737","article-title":"Aqueous extract of brassica rapa l.'s impact on modulating exercise-induced fatigue via gut-muscle axis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3961","article-title":"Excess tgf-\u03b2 mediates muscle weakness associated with bone metastases in mice","volume":"21","author":"Waning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109380","article-title":"Mechanical load regulates bone growth via periosteal osteocrin","volume":"36","author":"Watanabe-Takano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-024-02783-x","article-title":"Predictive value of sarcopenia components for all-cause mortality: findings from population-based cohorts","volume":"36","author":"Westbury","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.227256","article-title":"Soluble corn fiber increases calcium absorption associated with shifts in the gut microbiome: a randomized dose-response trial in free-living pubertal females","volume":"146","author":"Whisner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10009","article-title":"The crh-transgenic cushingoid mouse is a model of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis","volume":"1","author":"Williams-Dautovich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jbmr Plus."},{"key":"ref181","volume-title":"Osteoporosis in spinal cord injuries","author":"Winkle","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2017.0031","article-title":"Different physiological properties of human-residential and non-human-residential bifidobacteria in human health","volume":"9","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03109-z","article-title":"Strontium ranelate enriched ruminococcus albus in the gut microbiome of Sprague-dawley rats with postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"23","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13379","article-title":"Vitamin k1 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-triggered skeletal muscle damage revealed by faecal bacteria transplantation","volume":"15","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cachexia. Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E7554","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1607235113","article-title":"Gut microbiota induce igf-1 and promote bone formation and growth","volume":"113","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02592-0","article-title":"Antibiotic affects the gut microbiota composition and expression of genes related to lipid metabolism and myofiber types in skeletal muscle of piglets","volume":"16","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577758","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1577758","article-title":"Osteosarcopenia: epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and management","volume":"16","author":"Yi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2304084","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202304084","article-title":"Deciphering immune landscape remodeling unravels the underlying mechanism for synchronized muscle and bone aging","volume":"11","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.1836268.134","article-title":"Role of exercise in age-related sarcopenia","volume":"14","author":"Yoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2014.02.005","article-title":"Incremental predictive value of sarcopenia for incident fracture in an elderly chinese cohort: results from the osteoporotic fractures in men (mros) study","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14466","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c03929","article-title":"D-pinitol improves diabetic sarcopenia by regulation of the gut microbiome, metabolome, and proteome in stz-induced samp8 mice","volume":"72","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-93988-1","article-title":"Predictive efficacy of different diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia in osteoporosis and fractures","volume":"15","author":"Zhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11040950","article-title":"The preventive effects of probiotic prevotella histicola on the bone loss of mice with ovariectomy-mediated osteoporosis","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-022-01375-x","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation as a promising treatment option for osteoporosis","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101739","article-title":"Gut microbiota as a promising therapeutic target for age-related sarcopenia","volume":"81","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112376","article-title":"Alterations in the diversity, composition and function of the gut microbiota in uyghur individuals with sarcopenia","volume":"187","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005665","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1005665","article-title":"Exercise for osteoporosis: a literature review of pathology and mechanism","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287972","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1287972","article-title":"Mechanism and physical activities in bone-skeletal muscle crosstalk","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774257","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.774257","article-title":"Association of antibiotic alterations in gut microbiota with decreased osseointegration of an intramedullary nail in mice with and without osteomyelitis","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01922-1","article-title":"The gut microbiome, chronic kidney disease, and sarcopenia","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279448","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1279448","article-title":"Characteristics of the gut microbiome and metabolic profile in elderly patients with sarcopenia","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1729870\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T09:53:02Z","timestamp":1771926782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1729870\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"references-count":200,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1729870"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1729870","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"article-number":"1729870"}}