{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:52:47Z","timestamp":1789087967027,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003459","name":"Guizhou University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudostellaria heterophylla<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a valuable medicinal herb in traditional Chinese medicine, is severely threatened by leaf spot disease caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Alternaria alternata<\/jats:italic>\n                      , leading to significant yield losses and mycotoxin contamination that compromises root quality and safety. This study aimed to characterize\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain D-1 as a potential multifunctional biocontrol agent to mitigate this pathogen.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Strain D-1 was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of\n                      <jats:italic>P. heterophylla<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Its antifungal efficacy was assessed through in vitro dual-culture assays and in planta pot experiments using both viable cells (Bc) and cell-free fermentation supernatant (Bf). Whole-genome sequencing was employed to identify biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was used to detect lipopeptides (LPs). Quantitative PCR and mycotoxin quantification were performed to evaluate the effects on fungal gene expression and toxin accumulation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Strain D-1 demonstrated strong antagonistic activity, with Bf achieving a 54.7% inhibition rate against\n                      <jats:italic>A. alternata<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Genomic analysis revealed nine putative BGCs, including those for fengycin, iturin, and surfactin. HPLC-MS confirmed the production of these LPs, which effectively disrupted hyphal branching and spore germination. In pot trials, crude LP extracts reduced disease lesion area by 92.0% and suppressed key mycotoxin biosynthesis genes (PKSJ, PKSA, etc.), leading to a 77.0\u201398.1% reduction in toxin levels (ALT, AME, TeA, TEN). Additionally, strain D-1 and its LPs triggered systemic resistance in\n                      <jats:italic>P. heterophylla<\/jats:italic>\n                      , evidenced by elevated H\u2082O\u2082 accumulation and callose deposition.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The findings establish\n                      <jats:italic>B. amyloliquefaciens<\/jats:italic>\n                      D-1 as a novel biocontrol agent with triple mechanisms: direct antifungal action, suppression of mycotoxin biosynthesis, and induction of host systemic resistance. Its application offers a sustainable strategy to manage\n                      <jats:italic>A. alternata<\/jats:italic>\n                      in\n                      <jats:italic>P. heterophylla<\/jats:italic>\n                      cultivation, addressing both disease control and medicinal safety concerns.\n                      <jats:italic>heterophylla<\/jats:italic>\n                      cultivation, addressing both disease control and medicinal safety concerns.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1732585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T07:09:11Z","timestamp":1770793751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cyclic lipopeptides from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D-1 control leaf spot in Pseudostellaria heterophylla via enhancing host immunity and inhibiting Alternaria alternata"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Haixia","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Resource Institute for Chinese & Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Guiyang, China"]},{"name":"Guizhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Resource-Efficient Utilization of Dao-di Herbs","place":["Guiyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resource Institute for Chinese & Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Guiyang, China"]},{"name":"Guizhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Resource-Efficient Utilization of Dao-di Herbs","place":["Guiyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resource Institute for Chinese & Ethnic Materia 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Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Guiyang, China"]},{"name":"Guizhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Resource-Efficient Utilization of Dao-di Herbs","place":["Guiyang, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resource Institute for Chinese & Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Guiyang, China"]},{"name":"Guizhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Resource-Efficient Utilization of Dao-di Herbs","place":["Guiyang, 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