{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:33:43Z","timestamp":1771929223311,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To assess the antioxidant-rich fraction of\n                      <jats:italic>Murraya koenigii<\/jats:italic>\n                      for its anti-infective properties against Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria by\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      approaches.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The most antioxidant active fraction, i.e.,\n                      <jats:italic>M. koenigii<\/jats:italic>\n                      chloroform fraction (MKCF), significantly reduced violacein production (70.73%) in\n                      <jats:italic>Chromobacterium violaceum<\/jats:italic>\n                      12,472. Significant reduction in prodigiosin production, protease activity, and swarming motility of\n                      <jats:italic>Serratia marcescens<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and other tested virulence factors of\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      PAO1 was recorded. More than 60% reduction in biofilm formation was recorded against test pathogens, indicating broad-spectrum anti-infective activity. SEM and CLSM imaging revealed alterations in the structure of the biofilm. Major key compounds such as Gibberellic acid, methyl ester, 7,8-Epoxylanostan-11-ol, 3-acetoxy were detected by GC\/MS, and numerous compounds in MKCF were identified using LC-qTOF\/MS analysis.\n                      <jats:italic>In silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      analysis revealed morellin and murrayazolinol with good binding affinity with CviR and EsaI, with binding energies of \u22129.07 and \u22129.17\u202fkcal\u202fmol\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      , respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The most active antioxidant fraction, i.e., MKCF, could be exploited as an anti-infective agent against Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, attenuating virulence and pathogenicity. Further,\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      efficacy of the active fraction\/phytocompounds needs to be evaluated to explore the therapeutic potential of MKCF.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1739591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T06:48:44Z","timestamp":1770187724000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anti-infective potential, chemical profile, and molecular docking investigation on antioxidant-rich fraction of Murraya koenigii against Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zarrin","family":"Haris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University","place":["Aligarh, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iqbal","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University","place":["Aligarh, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nayla","family":"Munawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arabs Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohd","family":"Adil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant, Food and Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University","place":["Truro, NS, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maher","family":"Alandiyjany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University","place":["Makkah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fohad Mabood","family":"Husain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.578970","article-title":"Indian medicinal plants and formulations and their potential against COVID-19\u2013preclinical and clinical research","volume":"11","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(14)60213-6","article-title":"Herbal antioxidant in clinical practice: a review","volume":"4","author":"Alok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.49.1.132-140.1985","article-title":"Effects of siderophores on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in human serum and transferrin","volume":"49","author":"Ankenbauer","year":"1985","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/08905436.2014.932287","article-title":"Quorum sensing inhibitory and anti-biofilm activity of essential oils and their in vivo efficacy in food systems","volume":"28","author":"Bai Aswathanarayan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9020101","article-title":"Medicinal profile, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of Murraya koenigii and its primary bioactive compounds","volume":"9","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.4161\/oxim.3.4.12858","article-title":"Exogenous antioxidants\u2014double-edged swords in cellular redox state","volume":"3","author":"Bouayed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/s0023-6438(95)80008-5","article-title":"Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity","volume":"28","author":"Brand-Williams","year":"1995","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3173","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2023.2219819","article-title":"Simultaneous quantitation of nine carbazole alkaloids from Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng by 1H qNMR spectroscopy","volume":"38","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2471-2140.jaa-17-1728","article-title":"Investigation on phytochemical and antioxidant activity of the plant Murraya koenigii Linn (curry leaf) in Rajshahi, Bangladesh","volume":"1","author":"Dahlia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antioxid. Act."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1286","article-title":"Several culinary and medicinal herbs are important sources of dietary antioxidants","volume":"133","author":"Dragland","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-957563","article-title":"A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of plant extracts for bacteria","volume":"64","author":"Eloff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.172.2.884-900.1990","article-title":"Identification and characterization of genes for a second anthranilate synthase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: interchangeability of the two anthranilate synthases and evolutionary implications","volume":"172","author":"Essar","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.22159\/ijms.2022.v10i6.46621","article-title":"Computational analysis of phytocompounds present in Murraya koenigii to target Haemophilus influenzae disease","volume":"10","author":"Ganesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Innov. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2008.09.023","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of l-adrenaline: a structure\u2013activity insight","volume":"179","author":"G\u00fcl\u00e7in","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2023.105459","article-title":"Efflux pumps and microbial biofilm formation","volume":"112","author":"Hajiagha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"302","volume-title":"Phytochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis","author":"Harborne","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phyplu.2023.100511","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant-rich bioactive plant extracts with special reference to Moringa oleifera lam. For their interference to bacterial quorum sensing and biofilm","volume":"4","author":"Haris","year":"","journal-title":"Phytomed. Plus"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/s43994-023-00089-8","article-title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera and its efficacy against gram-negative bacteria targeting quorum sensing and biofilms","volume":"10","author":"Haris","year":"","journal-title":"J. Umm Al-qura Univ. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00727","article-title":"Leaf extracts of Mangifera indica L. inhibit quorum sensing \u2013 regulated production of virulence factors and biofilm in test bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Husain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.22271\/flora.2025.v13.i3a.986","article-title":"Phytochemical analysis of Methanolic and chloroform extract of Murraya koenigii from Uttarakhand, India","volume":"13","author":"Joshi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1039\/c7tx00269f","article-title":"Genotoxicity inhibition by Syzygium cumini (L.) seed fraction and rutin: understanding the underlying mechanism of DNA protection","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3782","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00239-15","article-title":"Polyphenolic extract from maple syrup potentiates antibiotic susceptibility and reduces biofilm formation of pathogenic bacteria","volume":"81","author":"Maisuria","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30169","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30169","article-title":"Cranberry-derived proanthocyanidins impair virulence and inhibit quorum sensing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"6","author":"Maisuria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2004.04.016","article-title":"A simple screening protocol for the identification of quorum signal antagonists","volume":"58","author":"McLean","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.22207\/jpam.14.1.42","article-title":"Antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of medicinal plant extracts against multi drug resistant Staphylococcus species and non fermenter bacteria","volume":"14","author":"Mehrishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21256","article-title":"AutoDock4 and AutoDockTools4: automated docking with selective receptor flexibility","volume":"30","author":"Morris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2016.02.007","article-title":"Extracts of Agrimonia eupatoria L. as sources of biologically active compounds and evaluation of their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activities","volume":"24","author":"Muruzovi\u0107","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063264","article-title":"Oxidative stress: the role of antioxidant phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of diseases","volume":"25","author":"Muscolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-019-01757-6","article-title":"Analysis of flavonoid content, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of in vitro hairy root extract of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)","volume":"140","author":"Muthusamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.58920\/sciphy02020107","article-title":"Unveiling the diverse medicinal properties of Murraya koenigii","volume":"2","author":"Nandy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Phytochem."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.024","article-title":"In vitro activity of plant extracts against biofilm-producing food-related bacteria","volume":"238","author":"Nostro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.01062.x","article-title":"Flagellar and twitching motility are necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development","volume":"30","author":"O\u2019Toole","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.5264\/eiyogakuzashi.44.307","article-title":"Studies on products of browning reaction: antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine","volume":"44","author":"Oyaizu","year":"1986","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.89","article-title":"Quorum-sensing signal-response Systems in Gram-Negative Bacteria","volume":"14","author":"Papenfort","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2015.04.040","article-title":"The role of antioxidants in the chemistry of oxidative stress: a review","volume":"97","author":"Pisoschi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5467","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05467","article-title":"RNA-seq-based transcriptome analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm inhibition by ursolic acid and resveratrol","volume":"4","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2015.1080101","article-title":"Diet and inflammation: possible effects on immunity, chronic diseases, and life span","volume":"34","author":"Ricordi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a012427","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a012427","article-title":"Bacterial quorum sensing: its role in virulence and possibilities for its control","volume":"2","author":"Rutherford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"34","article-title":"Acute toxicity study of Murraya Koenigii","volume":"2","author":"Saini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Invent."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ftv038","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftv038","article-title":"Interference of quorum sensing in urinary pathogen Serratia marcescens by Anethum graveolens","volume":"73","author":"Salini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-021-00242-y","article-title":"Bacterial exo-polysaccharides in biofilms: role in antimicrobial resistance and treatments","volume":"19","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03295.x","article-title":"Phosphate availability regulates biosynthesis of two antibiotics, prodigiosin and carbapenem, in Serratia via both quorum-sensing-dependent and -independent pathways","volume":"47","author":"Slater","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.10.022","article-title":"Antibiofilm and quorum sensing inhibitory potential of Cuminum cyminum and its secondary metabolite methyl eugenol against gram negative bacterial pathogen","volume":"45","author":"Sybiya Vasantha Packiavathy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.01.028","article-title":"Tannin-rich fraction from Terminalia catappa inhibits quorum sensing (QS) in Chromobacterium violaceum and the QS-controlled biofilm maturation and LasA staphylolytic activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"134","author":"Taganna","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"1","article-title":"C23-carbazole alkaloids from the bark of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng","volume":"1","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"EDUCATUM"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01162","article-title":"Antioxidant and oxidative stress: a mutual interplay in age-related diseases","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W363","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky473","article-title":"CASTp 3.0: computed atlas of surface topography of proteins","volume":"46","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00574-9","volume-title":"Plant drug analysis: a thin layer chromatography atlas","author":"Wagner","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.02.004","article-title":"Antioxidant and antimutagenic activity of Carum copticum fruit extracts","volume":"24","author":"Zahin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2014.02.001","article-title":"Polyphenolic extract from Rosa rugosa tea inhibits bacterial quorum sensing and biofilm formation","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137947","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1137947","article-title":"Understanding bacterial biofilms: from definition to treatment strategies","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1739591\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T09:53:09Z","timestamp":1771926789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1739591\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1739591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1739591","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"article-number":"1739591"}}