{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:40:58Z","timestamp":1783528858039,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Phyllosphere microorganisms play essential roles in plant health and disease resistance, yet their responses to pathogen infections remain poorly understood.\n                      <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                      is susceptible to multiple fungal diseases, which threaten its quality and yield. This study aimed to clarify the underlying disease resistance mechanisms of\n                      <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                      by analyzing the phyllosphere fungal communities associated with fungal infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Phyllosphere fungal communities of healthy\n                      <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                      plants and those with three fungal infections (gray mold, damping-off and root rot) were compared to explore the disease resistance mechanisms related to fungal community changes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Results revealed distinct niche differentiation: leaves were dominated by Basidiomycota (82.0%), while stems harbored more Ascomycota (94.2%), including pathogens like\n                      <jats:italic>Monilinia laxa<\/jats:italic>\n                      (35.73%). Fungal infection significantly reduced microbial alpha diversity, altered community structure (PERMANOVA,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001), and destabilized co-occurrence networks (modularity decreased from 0.8501 to 0.8116). Functional prediction indicated downregulation of key metabolic pathways (e.g., NAD\/NADP interconversion, phospholipid biosynthesis). Disease stress induced an enrichment of potentially beneficial taxa (e.g.,\n                      <jats:italic>Rhodotorula<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) in leaves, indicative of a limited antagonistic response, while the overall community was ultimately dominated and disrupted by pathogens.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Elucidating these compositional shifts of phyllosphere fungal communities advances the understanding of plant\u2013microbe\u2013pathogen interactions and provides a critical theoretical groundwork for development of microbiome-driven early disease diagnosis, resistance breeding, and eco-friendly disease control strategies for\n                      <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1740520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T06:34:08Z","timestamp":1774506848000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Disease-induced changes in Panax ginseng phyllosphere fungal community assembly and functional adaptation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Liu","family":"Shuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Houji Laboratory in Shanxi Province, Shanxi Institute for Functional Food, Shanxi Agricultural University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Houji Laboratory in Shanxi Province, Shanxi Institute for Functional Food, Shanxi Agricultural University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu","family":"Hang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Houji Laboratory in Shanxi Province, Shanxi Institute for Functional Food, Shanxi Agricultural University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wenjing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Houji Laboratory in Shanxi Province, Shanxi Institute for Functional Food, Shanxi Agricultural University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Haoyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Shuiming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0131069","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131069","article-title":"Metabarcoding analysis of fungal diversity in the phyllosphere and carposphere of olive (Olea europaea)","volume":"10","author":"Abdelfattah","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.38.1.145","article-title":"The ecology and biogeography of microorganisms on plant surfaces","volume":"38","author":"Andrews","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. 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