{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T23:47:49Z","timestamp":1769125669189,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Shandong Provincial Laboratory Project","award":["SYS202202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYS202202"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&D Program of China","award":["2023YFC2506004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2506004"]}]},{"name":"the Research Project of Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory","award":["JNL-2025004B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JNL-2025004B"]}]},{"name":"the Research Project of Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory","award":["JNL-2025005B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JNL-2025005B"]}]},{"name":"the Research Project of Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory","award":["JNL-2022001Q"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JNL-2022001Q"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2023QH494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2023QH494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridioides difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection (CDI) is a leading cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea. Although gut microbiota dysbiosis is central to CDI, the specific commensal species that confer protection are not well defined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed 16S rRNA sequencing on fecal samples from a clinical cohort of 30 CDI patients, 30 non-CDI diarrhea patients, 27 asymptomatic\n                      <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      carriers, and 30 healthy controls. To functionally validate the clinical finding, an in vitro anaerobic co-culture system was established between the\n                      <jats:italic>Odoribacter splanchnicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      type strain and\n                      <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Toxin protein levels in the supernatant were quantified by ELISA at multiple time points (24, 48, and 72 h). Sporulation was assessed via ethanol resistance assays, and the expression of toxin genes (tcdA\/tcdB) was measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Clinical analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between the abundance of Odoribacter splanchnicus and CDI severity. In vitro, a high initial ratio of\n                      <jats:italic>O. splanchnicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      significantly suppressed\n                      <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      toxin production during the stationary phase, without inhibiting bacterial growth. This reduction\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      levels was accompanied by a concurrent increase in sporulation and was preceded by a downregulation of tcdB gene expression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This work positions\n                      <jats:italic>O. splanchnicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a highly promising candidate for the development of next-generation, defined microbial therapeutics and provides a mechanistic foundation for future anti-virulence approaches to combat CDI.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1741232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T07:09:13Z","timestamp":1769065753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Odoribacter splanchnicus inhibits toxin production in Clostridioides difficile: insights from clinical correlation and in vitro validation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Na","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianbo","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shujuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyi","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changzhong","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory","place":["Jinan, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunbo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory","place":["Jinan, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nanping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13828","article-title":"Precision microbiome reconstitution restores bile acid mediated resistance to Clostridium difficile","volume":"517","author":"Buffie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.002","article-title":"Cooperating commensals restore colonization resistance to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium","volume":"21","author":"Caballero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00833-7","article-title":"Microbiota-mediated colonization resistance: mechanisms and regulation","volume":"21","author":"Caballero-Flores","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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