{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T19:30:45Z","timestamp":1787686245474,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Chitosan have been leveraged to create chitosan nanocapsules within a bio-based nanocarrier system, enhancing efficacy and overcoming widespread microbial resistance. To generate chitosan nanocapsules (CNCs) that act as inhibitory agents against pathogenic microbes, this study combined titanium nanoparticles (TiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n NPs) with chitosan nanoparticles (Cs NPs).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A.flavus<\/jats:italic>\n was used for the biosynthesis of TiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n NPs. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), were utilized to assess the physicochemical properties of TiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n NPs and their CNCs. These techniques clarified particle diameter, charge stability, specific surface area, surface morphology, shape, dimensional forms, and structural parameters, respectively.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The findings showed that TiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n NPs and their nanocapsules achieved an encapsulation efficacy of over 86.7 \u00b1 1.8% at 1.5% w\/v chitosan concentration, with particle sizes of 40.7, 40.6, and 87.3 nm for TiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n NPs, CsNPs, and CNCs, respectively. Nanoparticle stability was confirmed by a zeta potential greater than \u201330.1 \u00b1 4.5mV for TiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n NPs. Furthermore, TiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n NPs and their nanocapsules suppressed both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with CNCs exhibiting more potent inhibitory effects than either TiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n NPs or CsNPs. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of CNCs against\n Salmonella typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n were remarkably low, at 20 and 10 \u03bcg mL\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n , respectively. TEM images of\n S. typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n and\n A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n treated with CNCs exhibited asymmetric cell deformations, wrinkled external surfaces, cell depressions, and declined cell counts. Cytotoxicity studies showed that CNCs exhibited non-cytotoxic behavior on normal human melanocytes (HFB4). In contrast, CNCs reduced the viability of human colon carcinoma (HCT-116) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Nanomaterials, both alone or in nanocapsules, offer a promising alternative for inhibiting harmful microorganisms and represent a potential pathway for the development of anticancer medications. The findings indicate that CNCs are safe and effective against multidrug-resistant bacteria and fungi, making them a viable alternative to current antibiotic therapies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1741753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T05:31:53Z","timestamp":1770787913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antimicrobial, anticancer activities and molecular docking of eco-friendly chitosan nanocapsule loaded with biosynthesized titanium nanoparticles by Aspergillus flavus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nashwa","family":"El-Gazzar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa","family":"Rafat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamal","family":"Rabie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basel","family":"Sitohy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Ume\u00e5 University","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Intervention, Oncology, Ume\u00e5 University","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23629-3","article-title":"Potential effects of nano-cellulose and nano-silica\/polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites in the strengthening of dyed paper manuscripts with madder: an experimental study.","volume":"12","author":"Abdel-Hamied","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530000572","article-title":"Expression of mouse anticreatine kinase (MAK33) monoclonal antibody in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha.","volume":"56","author":"Abdel-Salam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2515","article-title":"Microfluidic electrochemical immunosensor for the trace analysis of cocaine in water and body fluids.","volume":"11","author":"Abdelshafi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Testing Anal."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9040176","article-title":"Identification and testing of antidermatophytic oxaborole-6-benzene sulphonamide derivative (OXBS) from Streptomyces atrovirens KM192347 isolated from soil.","volume":"9","author":"Abdel-Shafi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201201","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1201201","article-title":"Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum against Listeria monocytogenes isolated from milk, chicken and pregnant women.","volume":"14","author":"Abou Elez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3554","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11123554","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium isolated from laying hens, table eggs, and humans with respect to antimicrobial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles.","volume":"11","author":"Abou Elez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-018-9810-2","article-title":"Silicon (Si) supplementation alleviates NaCl toxicity in mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] through the modifications of physio-biochemical attributes and key antioxidant enzymes.","volume":"38","author":"Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101686","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticles at the biological interface: implications for drug delivery.","volume":"13","author":"Aibani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3872","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB10.2080","article-title":"Assessment of MCF-7 cells as an in vitro model system for evaluation of chemical oxidative stressors.","volume":"10","author":"Alarifi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2023.101918","article-title":"A significant antibiofilm and antimicrobial activity of chitosan-polyacrylic acid nanoparticles against pathogenic bacteria.","volume":"32","author":"Al-Fawares","year":"2024","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S478925","article-title":"Development of chitosan-polyacrylic acid complex systems for enhanced oral delivery of Lactobacillus Gasseri and Bifidobacterium Bifidum probiotics.","volume":"19","author":"Al-Fawares","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3620","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12203620","article-title":"Design of a novel nanosensors based on green synthesized CoFe2O4\/Ca-alginate nanocomposite-coated QCM for rapid detection of Pb (II) ions.","volume":"12","author":"Al-Gethami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6240","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15186240","article-title":"Evaluation of green-synthesized cuprospinel nanoparticles as a nanosensor for detection of low-concentration Cd (II) ion in the aqueous solutions by the quartz crystal microbalance method.","volume":"15","author":"Al-Qasmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1039\/d4ra07062c","article-title":"Room temperature sensing of CO 2 using C 3-symmetry pyridinium-based porous ionic polymers with triazine or benzene cores.","volume":"15","author":"Alshubramy","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29102403","article-title":"Conyza canadensis from Jordan: phytochemical profiling, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity evaluation.","volume":"29","author":"Barhoumi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding.","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Analyt. Biochem."},{"key":"B17","first-page":"302","article-title":"\u201cMicrosomal lipid peroxidation,\u201d in","volume-title":"Methods in Enzymology","author":"Buege","year":"1978"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2008.11.005","article-title":"Inactivation of Escherichia coli on immobilized TiO2 using fluorescent light.","volume":"202","author":"Caballero","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2017.1304427","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of Buchenavia tetraphylla against Candida albicans strains isolated from vaginal secretions.","volume":"55","author":"Cavalcanti Filho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmaceut. Biol."},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"Reference Method for Broth Dilution. Ref. Method Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing.","year":"2008"},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous Fungi.","year":"2017"},{"key":"B22","volume-title":"Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically.","year":"2018"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/3001478","article-title":"Multiple range and multiple F tests.","volume":"11","author":"Duncan","year":"1955","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1166\/jcsb.2015.1118","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of nano-encapsulated essential oils: comparison to non-encapsulated essential oils.","volume":"4","author":"El Asbahani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Colloid Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes8070333","article-title":"Nano-curcumin\/chitosan modulates growth, biochemical, immune, and antioxidative profiles, and the expression of related genes in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus.","volume":"8","author":"Elabd","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fishes"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9060123","article-title":"Biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles from Petroselinum crispum leaf extract mitigate lead-acetate-induced anemia in male albino rats: hematological, biochemical and histopathological features.","volume":"9","author":"El-Bahr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2021.104748","article-title":"Development of isatin-thiazolo [3, 2-a] benzimidazole hybrids as novel CDK2 inhibitors with potent in vitro apoptotic anti-proliferative activity: synthesis, biological and molecular dynamics investigations.","volume":"110","author":"Eldehna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioorgan. Chemis."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2017.1417276","article-title":"One-pot three-component synthesis of novel spirooxindoles with potential cytotoxic activity against triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells.","volume":"33","author":"Eldehna","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Enzyme Inhibit. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9898-9_10","article-title":"\u201cAdvances in phage inspired nanoscience-based therapy,\u201d in","volume-title":"NanoBioMedicine","author":"El-Gazzar","year":"2020"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0235355","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235355","article-title":"Influence of Funneliformis mosseae enhanced with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) on Phaseolus vulgaris L. under salinity stress.","volume":"15","author":"El-Gazzar","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.05.027","article-title":"Assessment the using of silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) biosynthesized from rice husks by Trichoderma harzianum MF780864 as water lead adsorbent for immune status of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).","volume":"28","author":"El-Gazzar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2020.101708","article-title":"The potential use of Titanium, Silver and Selenium nanoparticles in controlling leaf blight of tomato caused by Alternaria alternata.","volume":"27","author":"El-Gazzar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biocatalysis Agricult. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358270","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1358270","article-title":"Antifungal and antibiofilm effects of probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius, zinc nanoparticles, and zinc nanocomposites against Candida albicans from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), water and humans.","volume":"14","author":"El-Gazzar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell.Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-023-04407-4","article-title":"Enhancing Vicia faba\u2019s immunity against Rhizoctonia solani root rot diseases by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nano chitosan.","volume":"23","author":"El-Gazzar","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-025-02651-x","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity of biosynthesized manganese nanocomposite with amide derivative originated by endophytic Aspergillus terreus.","volume":"24","author":"El-Gazzar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbial Cell Fact."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11111416","article-title":"The integrative effects of biochar and ZnO nanoparticles for enhancing rice productivity and water use efficiency under irrigation deficit conditions.","volume":"11","author":"Elshayb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13933","article-title":"Maternal supplementation of curcumin-olive oil nanocomposite improves uteroplacental blood flow, placental growth and antioxidant capacity in goats.","volume":"108","author":"El-Sherbiny","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3923\/jms.2013.261.268","article-title":"Genetic linkage of the antibiotic resistance ability in the Escherichia coli UR4 strain isolated from urine.","volume":"13","author":"Enan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4583","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25194583","article-title":"Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus LC554891 by moringa oleifera seed extract either singly or in combination with antibiotics.","volume":"25","author":"Enan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B40","volume-title":"Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of Antibacterial Agents by Broth Dilution.","year":"2023"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2022.105785","article-title":"Nanotechnology applications for treatment of hepatic infections via modulating Hepatic histopathological and DNA alterations.","volume":"127","author":"Gad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioorgan. Chem."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.3987\/COM-15-13210","article-title":"Synthesis and anticancer activities of thiazoles, 1, 3-thiazines, and thiazolidine using chitosan-grafted-poly (vinylpyridine) as basic catalyst.","volume":"91","author":"Gomha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heterocycles"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1021\/nl034396z","article-title":"Presenting vancomycin on nanoparticles to enhance antimicrobial activities.","volume":"3","author":"Gu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03530-y","article-title":"The enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles biosynthesized by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.","volume":"24","author":"Haji","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC microbiology"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.06.005","article-title":"Bacterial adhesion and inactivation on Ag decorated TiO2-nanotubes under visible light: effect of the nanotube\u2019s geometry on the photocatalytic activity.","volume":"170","author":"Hajjaji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces B"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-023-01063-7","article-title":"ZnO, TiO2 and Fe3O4\/Carbopol hybrid nanogels for the cleaner process of paper manuscripts from dust stains and soil remains.","volume":"11","author":"Hassan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heritage Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.01.019","article-title":"Using inorganic nanoparticles to fight fungal infections in the antimicrobial resistant era.","volume":"158","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110639","article-title":"The mitigating potential of chitosan nanogel composite against Shewanella spp.(9DTL) infection in Oreochromis niloticus: immune-antioxidant traits, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and expression of Piscidin 4 and hepcidin antimicrobial peptide 1.","volume":"166","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01580","article-title":"Encapsulation of cardamom essential oil in chitosan nano-composites: In-vitro efficacy on antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens and cytotoxicity studies.","volume":"7","author":"Jamil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2019.1577876","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticles induced the antitumor effect in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by regulating ROS-mediated mitochondrial damage and endoplasmic reticulum stress.","volume":"47","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomedicine Biotechnol."},{"key":"B51","first-page":"130","article-title":"A modified spectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase.","volume":"21","author":"Kakkar","year":"1984","journal-title":"Indian J. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-025-03875-5","article-title":"High-sensitivity QCM sensor based on o-toluidine-chitosan-decorated ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles for ultra-trace Pb2+ detection in aqueous media.","volume":"35","author":"Katowah","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Inorgan. Organometallic Polymers Mater."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.46.1.165-170.1983","article-title":"Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of Escherichia coli to identify high-risk sources of fecal contamination of foods.","volume":"46","author":"Krumperman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.09.004","article-title":"Standardised Mangifera indica extract is an ideal antioxidant.","volume":"113","author":"Ling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0609390","article-title":"Pivotal Advance: phospholipids determine net membrane surface charge resulting in differential localization of active Rac1 and Rac2.","volume":"87","author":"Magalhaes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Leukocyte Biol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance.","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04568-4","article-title":"Nano-chitosan hydrogel alleviates Candida albicans-induced health alterations in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): antioxidant response, neuro-behaviors, hepato-renal functions, and histopathological investigation.","volume":"21","author":"Mahboub","year":"","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.110037","article-title":"Expression profiling of antimicrobial peptides and immune-related genes in Nile tilapia following Pseudomonas putida infection and nano-titanium dioxide gel exposure.","volume":"156","author":"Mahboub","year":"","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays.","volume":"65","author":"Mosmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.04.227","article-title":"Tailored chitosan\/hyaluronan coatings for tumor cell adhesion: effects of topography, charge density and surface composition.","volume":"486","author":"Neto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070870","article-title":"Antibacterial peptides produced by Alcalase from cowpea seed proteins.","volume":"10","author":"Osman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220344","DOI":"10.1515\/chem-2022-0344","article-title":"Screening and characterization of fungal taxol-producing endophytic fungi for evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities.","volume":"21","author":"Pandy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Chem."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00372","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with the antimicrobial peptide temporin B exert a long-term antibacterial activity in vitro against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis.","volume":"6","author":"Piras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10081171","article-title":"Usnic acid and Usnea barbata (L.) FH wigg. dry extracts promote apoptosis and DNA damage in human blood cells through enhancing ROS levels.","volume":"10","author":"Popovici","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.120337","article-title":"Phytofabrication of cost-effective selenium nanoparticles from edible and non-edible plant materials of Senna auriculata: characterization, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, biocompatibility, and wound healing.","volume":"367","author":"Prasathkumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liquids"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010233","article-title":"Role of phenolic compounds in human disease: current knowledge and future prospects.","volume":"27","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay.","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol. Med."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1111\/are.15699","article-title":"Evaluation of olive stone biochar as valuable and inexpensive agro-waste adsorbent for the adsorption and removal of inorganic mercury from Nile tilapia aquaculture systems.","volume":"53","author":"Reda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquacult. Res."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103-7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2007.04.037","article-title":"Different radical scavenging tests in virgin olive oil and their relation to the total phenol content.","volume":"593","author":"Samaniego S\u00e1nchez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2016.00011","article-title":"Emerging threats in antifungal-resistant fungal pathogens.","volume":"3","author":"Sanglard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-025-07521-0","article-title":"Structural and optical characterization of TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized using Globularia alypum leaf extract and the antibacterial properties.","volume":"7","author":"Sellami","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.06.008","article-title":"Protective potential of trans-resveratrol against 4-hydroxynonenal induced damage in PC12 cells.","volume":"24","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(72)90132-7","article-title":"Colorimetric assay of catalase.","volume":"47","author":"Sinha","year":"1972","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11113006","article-title":"Silver-protein nanocomposites as antimicrobial agents.","volume":"11","author":"Sitohy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2005_3404","article-title":"The effect of Topotecan on oxidative stress in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line.","volume":"52","author":"Timur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Polonica"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1","article-title":"Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics.","volume":"18","author":"White","year":"1990","journal-title":"PCR Protocols"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199637973.003.0007","article-title":"\u201cCytotoxicity and viability assays,\u201d in","volume-title":"Animal Cell Culture: A Practical Approach","author":"Wilson","year":"2000"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0609390","article-title":"Getting across the cell membrane: an overview for small molecules, peptides, and proteins.","volume":"1266","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Site Spec. Protein Label."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-014-2526-8","article-title":"Synthesis of silver-titanium dioxide nanocomposites for antimicrobial applications.","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1021\/bm101482r","article-title":"Surface charge affects cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of chitosan-based nanoparticles.","volume":"12","author":"Yue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1741753\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T05:31:56Z","timestamp":1770787916000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1741753\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1741753"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1741753","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"article-number":"1741753"}}