{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:21:18Z","timestamp":1792182078623,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    are the main agents of campylobacteriosis, a globally prevalent foodborne illness predominantly linked to the consumption of contaminated poultry products. The increasing antimicrobial resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    requires innovative control strategies throughout the poultry production chain. Bacteriophages, highly specific bacterial viruses, represent a promising biocontrol approach capable of selectively targeting\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    without disrupting the natural microbiota. However, early-stage validation in intermediate models, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is essential to ensure safety and efficacy before application in poultry, as has been established for other zoonotic pathogens. This study evaluated the\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    efficacy of a novel four-phage cocktail targeting\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter. In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    assays showed that the phage cocktail successfully lysed all 13 strains tested, and each individual phage displayed a broad lytic spectrum, with most strains being susceptible to multiple phages.\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    virulence screening in\n                    <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    revealed marked strain-dependent virulence, with only five of 13 strains reducing larval survival below 50%. Phage efficacy\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    was optimized using\n                    <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n                    CJE065, the most virulent strain in the model. The phage cocktail applied at MOI 10 increased the\n                    <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    survival from 25.5% in untreated controls to 57.5% (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt;\u202f0.001), whereas lower MOIs provided only transient protection. Phage-antibiotic therapy combining phage cocktail and either erythromycin or ciprofloxacin further enhanced larval survival rates, reaching up to 88.8 and 83.8%, respectively (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Overall, these findings support the potential use of this phage cocktail as an early-stage intervention against\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    and highlight\n                    <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a suitable intermediate model for optimizing phage-based treatments while reducing the need for vertebrate models.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1744469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T05:44:57Z","timestamp":1776231897000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Broad-spectrum phage cocktail targeting Campylobacter improves survival in Galleria mellonella, a bridging host model for poultry biocontrol"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Estibaliz","family":"Ruiz-Santamar\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de Bizkaia","place":["Derio, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU)","place":["Bilbao, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amaia","family":"Lasagabaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de Bizkaia","place":["Derio, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaizka","family":"Carregal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU)","place":["Bilbao, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Miranda-Cadena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU)","place":["Bilbao, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estibaliz","family":"Mateo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU)","place":["Bilbao, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8079","DOI":"10.3390\/app13148079","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of thermotolerant Campylobacter species in poultry: a comprehensive review with a focus on the factors affecting the detection and enumeration of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in chicken meat","volume":"13","author":"Andritsos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. 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