{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T04:13:13Z","timestamp":1788927193220,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To survey antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria causing bovine and porcine respiratory tract infections in eight European countries and to compare retrospectively the resistance percentages between the countries participating in the VetPath programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Non-replicate nasopharyngeal\/nasal or lung swabs were collected by harmonized sampling from animals with acute respiratory signs during the period 2019\u20132020.\n                      <jats:italic>Pasteurella multocida<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Mannheimia haemolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Histophilus somni<\/jats:italic>\n                      from cattle (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f307), and\n                      <jats:italic>P. multocida<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Glaesserella parasuis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Bordetella bronchiseptica<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus suis<\/jats:italic>\n                      from pigs (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f659) were isolated by standard methods.\n                      <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was also isolated from meningitis cases. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were assessed following CLSI standards and interpreted using veterinary breakpoints where available.\n                      <jats:italic>H. somni<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates were fully susceptible against all tested antibiotics. Resistance in bovine\n                      <jats:italic>P. multocida<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>M. haemolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                      was absent or low, except for tetracycline (29.7 and 19.6% resistance for the two bacteria, respectively). Low macrolide and spectinomycin resistance were observed for\n                      <jats:italic>M. haemolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1.5\u20132.3%) contrary to\n                      <jats:italic>P. multocida<\/jats:italic>\n                      (8.3\u201322.1%). Similar susceptibility patterns were observed in pigs. Resistance in\n                      <jats:italic>P. multocida<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>A. pleuropneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic>\n                      to ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, and penicillin was absent or &amp;lt;3.0%. Tetracycline resistance varied from 11.4 to 13.9% but was 83.2% in\n                      <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . For all pathogens multidrug-resistance was low (0\u20136.2%). Overall, antibiotic resistance in the 2019\u20132020 survey remained similar as in the 2009\u20132012 and 2015\u20132016 surveys. Among the countries significant variations of resistance levels were observed, particularly for tetracycline. Drivers behind these country differences remain unclear.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With the exception of tetracycline, low antibiotic resistance was observed among major bovine and porcine respiratory tract pathogens in Europe.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1745115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T05:27:43Z","timestamp":1771824463000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pan-European analysis shows stable, low antimicrobial resistance in most bovine and porcine respiratory tract pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Anno","family":"de Jong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VetPath Study Group, CEESA","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Temmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VetPath Study Group, CEESA","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VetPath Study Group, CEESA","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabbir","family":"Simjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VetPath Study Group, CEESA","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farid","family":"El Garch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VetPath Study Group, CEESA","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the VetPath Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.02.012","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus parasuis and Histophilus somni from pigs and cattle in Denmark","volume":"101","author":"Aarestrup","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. 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