{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T08:20:57Z","timestamp":1772180457247,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      subspecies\n                      <jats:italic>enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovar Kumasi (\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Kumasi) is an exceptionally rare non-typhoidal\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      (NTS) serovar that has been historically linked to plant- or environment-associated sources and only sporadically isolated from humans. Its genomic characteristics, ecological niche, and pathogenic potential remain poorly defined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The clinical isolate (XXB410) underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing. Comparative phylogenomic, resistome, virulence, and pan-genome analyses were performed against all 20 publicly available\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Kumasi genomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We report the first human infection due to\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Kumasi in Asia, isolated from a 4-year-old child in China presenting with self-limiting diarrhea. XXB410 was identified as sequence type ST2302 and clustered within a lineage dominated by plant\/botanical and non-human sources. The genome was plasmid-free and pansusceptible, carrying only the intrinsic\n                      <jats:italic>aac (6\u2019)-Iaa<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n                      (T57S) polymorphism, with no acquired antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Genomic profiling confirmed the conservation of canonical invasion islands (SPI1\/2) and determinants critical for environmental persistence and plant attachment (e.g.,\n                      <jats:italic>csg<\/jats:italic>\n                      operon), yet revealed an atypical toxin architecture restricted to a divergent\n                      <jats:italic>cdtB<\/jats:italic>\n                      homolog without\n                      <jats:italic>pltA<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      subunits. Pairwise core-genome SNP distances between XXB410 and other ST2302 isolates fell well outside outbreak-level relatedness, supporting sporadic spillover from plant-associated reservoirs rather than sustained human transmission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings expand the clinical and geographic range of\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Kumasi and support a model of a plant-adapted lineage characterized by a scarcity of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), an incomplete toxin architecture, and limited clinical expansion. The benign, self-limiting clinical course aligns with the genomic profile. Collectively, we propose\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Kumasi as a genomic sentinel to monitor hygiene vulnerabilities in plant-based food supply chains.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1746150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T06:51:58Z","timestamp":1772175118000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative genomic and ecological insights into Salmonella enterica serovar Kumasi ST2302 from the first Asian clinical isolate"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shijie","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Department of Panzhihua University, Affiliated Hospital","place":["Panzhihua, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Panzhihua City Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Panzhihua City Health Supervision Institute)","place":["Panzhihua, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taigui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Department of Panzhihua University, Affiliated Hospital","place":["Panzhihua, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Department of Panzhihua University, Affiliated Hospital","place":["Panzhihua, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peijun","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Panzhihua City Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Panzhihua City Health Supervision Institute)","place":["Panzhihua, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuebin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathogen Testing and Analysis, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yibin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Minhang District","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathogen Testing and Analysis, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.14884","article-title":"Foodborne outbreaks of microbial infection from fresh produce in Europe and North America: A review of the last two decades.","volume":"56","author":"Aiyedun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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