{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T09:26:33Z","timestamp":1772789193265,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011789","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study established and optimized a food-grade solid-state fermentation (SSF) process using\n                      <jats:italic>Aspergillus oryzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      to biotransform ginsenosides in five-year-old white ginseng roots.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Through single-factor and orthogonal tests, optimal SSF conditions were identified. UPLC-QTOF-MS\/MS analysis was used to characterize ginsenoside profile changes. In an ethanol-induced injury model using GES-1 gastric epithelial cells, the fermented extract was evaluated for cytoprotective effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Optimal SSF conditions were fermentation time of 8 days, inoculum size of 2.5%, and temperature of 28\u00b0C. UPLC-QTOF-MS\/MS analysis revealed significant remodeling of protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides, with ginsenoside Rf and PPT increasing by 3.55-fold and 5.03-fold, respectively (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). In the ethanol-induced injury model using GES-1 gastric epithelial cells, the fermented extract demonstrated dose-dependent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects without cytotoxicity. We hypothesize that the extracellular glycosidase activity of A. oryzae mediates the sequential deglycosylation leading to the observed PPT-type enrichment, although the specific enzymes involved require further identification. Overall, these results provide a proof-of-concept for a food-safe SSF platform tailored to whole white ginseng roots. This process effectively remodels the ginsenoside profile to enrich cytoprotective PPT-type compounds, supporting its potential for nutraceutical development.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1747324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:42:11Z","timestamp":1772779331000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aspergillus oryzae solid-state fermentation enriches protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides in Panax ginseng and confers cytoprotective effects in vitro"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xinyang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ergang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shumin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changbao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2013.11.008","article-title":"Evaluation of glucosedeases of Aspergillus niger strain comparing with other glucosidases in transformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to ginsenosides Rg3.","volume":"38","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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