{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:42:59Z","timestamp":1784180579978,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Q fever, caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , is a zoonotic disease of global relevance with domestic ruminants as the main reservoirs. Serological diagnosis, especially enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), often suffers from limited sensitivity and specificity due to antigenic variability and cross-reactivity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Scientific goal<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, a combined proteomic and literature research approach was used to identify immunoreactive proteins and predict linear B-cell epitopes as alternative diagnostic targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Total protein extracts of a\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      field isolate from sheep were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and immunoreactive proteins were detected by Western blotting using pooled sheep sera obtained from various flocks with known Q fever status. Immunoreactive proteins were identified by LC\u2013MS\/MS and used for linear B-cell epitope prediction for peptide synthesis. Peptides (\n                      <jats:italic>n\u202f=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f30) were initially screened by fluorescent ELISA against nine field serum pools (90 individual sera), and the most promising peptides (\n                      <jats:italic>n\u202f=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f15) were individually tested with 79 single sera. Diagnostic performance was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and by a multi-peptide rule (\u201cpositive if \u22651 peptide reactive\u201d).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 156 seroreactive proteins, including 51 previously reported antigens, were detected, among others, Com1, CBU_0482, and Mip. Although the selected 15 peptides showed a specific reaction with pooled sera, they showed limited diagnostic performance with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.5\u20130.7 when using single serum samples (\n                      <jats:italic>n\u202f=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f79). Multi-peptide combinations (6\u20138 peptides) increased sensitivity (Se) to 80% and specificity (Sp) to 75%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although single peptides lacked discriminatory power, multi-epitope combinations reached acceptable accuracy and may be used as a complementary tool for commercial ELISAs. However, larger bioinformatic approaches and validation studies are required to identify specific peptides of high diagnostic accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1751544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T05:18:13Z","timestamp":1771305493000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["B-cell peptide epitopes as diagnostic targets for Q fever in sheep"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tamara","family":"Kozytska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses","place":["Jena, Germany"]},{"name":"Institute for Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses","place":["Jena, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maksym","family":"Danchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences","place":["Bratislava, Slovakia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Flores-Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences","place":["Bratislava, Slovakia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanka","family":"Brangsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses","place":["Jena, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinrich","family":"Neubauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses","place":["Jena, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Pfeffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias W.","family":"Pletz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control and Center for Sepsis Care and Control (CSCC), Jena University Hospital","place":["Jena, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovit","family":"Skultety","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences","place":["Bratislava, Slovakia"]},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences","place":["Prague, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Mertens-Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses","place":["Jena, Germany"]},{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control and Center for Sepsis Care and Control (CSCC), Jena University Hospital","place":["Jena, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Q fever--United States, 2013: recommendations from CDC and the Q fever working group","volume":"62","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm. 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