{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T06:49:20Z","timestamp":1776235760093,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                      serogroups O1 and O139 are responsible for epidemic and pandemic cholera. Although the pathogenic potential and genomic diversity of\n                      <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains have been extensively studied in endemic regions, limited genomic data are available for more developed regions such as Jiaxing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, 15\n                      <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                      O1 and O139 isolates (eight clinical and seven environmental) collected between 2021 and 2024 were analyzed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed, and whole-genome sequencing was conducted. Comparative genomic analyses were used to characterize antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants, virulence-associated genes, and population structure. Core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) was applied to assess genetic relatedness.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All strains were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole, tigecycline, and amikacin. Elevated MIC values were observed for colistin; however, no interpretive criteria are available for\n                      <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                      . By contrast, high resistance rates were observed for streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and azithromycin. Resistance genes, including\n                      <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>mph<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>sul<\/jats:italic>\n                      , were widely distributed, while\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes were absent. One clinical O139 strain, VC0827, was found to harbor the\n                      <jats:italic>ctxAB<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes, a truncated CTX prophage, and an IncC plasmid (pVC0827), which carried several antimicrobial resistance genes including\n                      <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>A\/B\/M<\/jats:italic>\n                      ),\n                      <jats:italic>flor<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>sul2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>msr<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). cgMLST analysis revealed three main clusters; VC0827 clustered closely with seventh-pandemic reference strains and shared sequence type ST69. The observed gene duplications (e.g.,\n                      <jats:italic>ace<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>zot<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) in VC0827 may enhance its toxigenic potential.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study highlights the genomic diversity and resistance profiles of\n                      <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Jiaxing. The identification of a potentially virulent, multidrug-resistant O139 strain underscores the need for continuous genomic surveillance to monitor the emergence of toxigenic lineages and horizontal gene transfer.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1751786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T05:46:48Z","timestamp":1776232008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genomic characterization of clinical and environmental Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 isolates in Jiaxing, China, with identification of a ctx-positive O139 strain harboring an IncC plasmid"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Jiaxing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Jiaxing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuejuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Jiaxing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Jiaxing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Jiaxing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Jiaxing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-018-1228-7","article-title":"Molecular insights into antimicrobial resistance traits of commensal human gut microbiota","volume":"77","author":"Bag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. 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