{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T07:09:02Z","timestamp":1772521742883,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) are viral protein structures widely used as adjuvants in vaccine formulations due to their ability to stimulate the innate immune response, thereby contributing to the activation of adaptive immunity through the production of different IgG subclasses. The present study evaluated the adjuvant potential of recombinant structural proteins of the\n                      <jats:italic>Triatoma virus<\/jats:italic>\n                      VLPs (TrV-VLPs: VP1, VP2, and VP3) in experimental immunisation protocols for American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      BALB\/c mice were immunised with native antigens of Leishmania amazonensis or chimeric recombinant antigens of\n                      <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      in association with different adjuvants, including aluminium hydroxide, incomplete Freund\u2019s adjuvant, and VPs structural proteins. The induction of specific antibodies (anti-\n                      <jats:italic>L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      or anti-recombinant proteins of\n                      <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) was measured by ELISA to determine the IgG subclass profile.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Immunisation with\n                      <jats:italic>L. amazonensi<\/jats:italic>\n                      s antigens revealed that VPs preferentially induced IgG2b and IgG3 antibodies, whereas in experiments with\n                      <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      antigens, IgG2b was predominant, accompanied by similar levels of IgG2a and IgG3, compared to lower IgG1 responses. These findings suggest that recombinant structural proteins of TrV-VLPs represent a promising adjuvant strategy capable of modulating humoral immune responses, offering potential applications in vaccine development against protozoan parasites such as Leishmania spp. and\n                      <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1753585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T06:47:40Z","timestamp":1772520460000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibody response induced by structural proteins from Triatoma virus as potential adjuvants in experimental immunisation models"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Aline Maria Vasconcelos","family":"Queiroz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte","place":["Natal, Brazil"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte","place":["Natal, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annamairlla","family":"do Nascimento Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte","place":["Natal, Brazil"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte","place":["Natal, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alzira Regina Silva","family":"de Deus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte","place":["Natal, Brazil"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte","place":["Natal, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid Emiliane Fonseca","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte","place":["Natal, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isa\u00edas Am\u00e2ncio","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte","place":["Natal, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fred Luciano Neves","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Public Health Laboratory, Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola Alejandra Fiorani","family":"Celedon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz","place":["Curitiba, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego M. A.","family":"Gu\u00e9rin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Biofisika (UPV\/EHU, CSIC)","place":["Leioa, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Rosa","family":"Viguera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Biofisika (UPV\/EHU, CSIC)","place":["Leioa, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Sousa-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte","place":["Natal, Brazil"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte","place":["Natal, Brazil"]},{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa","place":["Lisbon, Portugal"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2021.03.011","article-title":"Immunotherapy in treatment of leishmaniasis","volume":"233","author":"Akbari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol. 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