{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T09:31:06Z","timestamp":1772789466535,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of pathogens causing bloodstream infections (BSIs) in a maternal and child health hospital, providing evidence for rational clinical therapy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A retrospective analysis was conducted on 395 bacterial isolates recovered from positive blood cultures of inpatients at Longgang District Maternity &amp; Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City between January 1, 2021 and October 31, 2025. Duplicate isolates from the same patient were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Among all isolates, Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 60.5% and Gram-negative bacteria for 39.5%. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (40.3%) were the most frequently detected, although many were likely contaminants. The major clinically relevant pathogens were\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n (28.6%),\n Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>\n (3.3%),\n Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n subsp. pneumoniae (2.8%), and\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n (2.3%).\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n showed a 44.3% Extended-Spectrum\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n -Lactamase (ESBL)-positive rate and elevated resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, with one carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) isolate identified.\n Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n exhibited overall low resistance levels. Among\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n , methicillin-resistant\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n (MRSA) accounted for 22.2%, all susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid, and tigecycline.\n Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>\n retained excellent\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n -lactam and glycopeptide susceptibility, whereas\n Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n exhibited pronounced macrolide resistance.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n were the leading pathogens. The high ESBL rate in\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n and the detection of a CRE isolate indicate emerging\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n -lactam resistance risks. Although MRSA was detected, complete susceptibility to glycopeptides was preserved, highlighting the importance of ongoing monitoring.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1756119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:43:41Z","timestamp":1772779421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of common blood culture isolates in a maternal and child health specialty hospital, Shenzhen (January 2021\u2013October 2025), China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tongyan","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance and Prevention, Medical Research Institute of Maternal and Child, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City (Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children's Hospital (Longgang) of Shantou University Medical College)","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaoxiang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance and Prevention, Medical Research Institute of Maternal and Child, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City (Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children's Hospital (Longgang) of Shantou University Medical College)","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaiyue","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance and Prevention, Medical Research Institute of Maternal and Child, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City (Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children's Hospital (Longgang) of Shantou University Medical College)","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance and Prevention, Medical Research Institute of Maternal and Child, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City (Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children's Hospital (Longgang) of Shantou University Medical College)","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance and Prevention, Medical Research Institute of Maternal and Child, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City (Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children's Hospital (Longgang) of Shantou University Medical College)","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaochun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance and Prevention, Medical Research Institute of Maternal and Child, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City (Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children's Hospital (Longgang) of Shantou University Medical College)","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiaoxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College","place":["Shantou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenwen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance and Prevention, Medical Research Institute of Maternal and Child, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City (Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children's Hospital (Longgang) of Shantou University Medical College)","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003787","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003787","article-title":"Gram-negative neonatal sepsis in low- and lower-middle-income countries and WHO empirical antibiotic recommendations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Bhutta","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-020-04286-x","article-title":"Central venous catheter\u2013related infections in hematology and oncology: 2020 updated guidelines on diagnosis, management, and prevention by the infectious diseases working party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO)","volume":"100","author":"B\u00f6ll","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63594-8","article-title":"Risk factors for bloodstream infection among patients admitted to an intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital of Shanghai, China","volume":"14","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.03.030","article-title":"Contaminants in blood cultures: importance, implications, interpretation and prevention","volume":"24","author":"Dargere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-11102-2","article-title":"Emerging antibiotic resistance in bacterial bloodstream infections: a clinical study at the holy family hospital, Nkawkaw, Ghana","volume":"25","author":"Deku","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0245089","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245089","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of pathogen profile, antimicrobial resistance and mortality in neonatal hospital-acquired bloodstream infections from 2009\u20132018 at Tygerberg hospital, South Africa","volume":"16","author":"Duse","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-04980-z","article-title":"Associations between maternal bacteremia during the peripartum period and early-onset neonatal sepsis: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Gad","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0245089","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01426-9","article-title":"Predicting appropriateness of antibiotic treatment among ICU patients with hospital-acquired infection","volume":"8","author":"Goldschmidt","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Dig. Med."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332611","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1332611","article-title":"Evaluation of microbiological epidemiology and clinical characteristics of maternal bloodstream infection: a 10\u202fyears retrospective study","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13080786","article-title":"Rapid phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing approaches for use in the clinical laboratory","volume":"13","author":"Hattab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s42379-019-00032-7","article-title":"China\u2019s migrant population and health","volume":"3","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Popul. Dev. Stud."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01105-2","article-title":"Bloodstream infections: mechanisms of pathogenesis and opportunities for intervention","volume":"23","author":"Holmes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14010006","article-title":"Neonatal Sepsis: a comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"Kariniotaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-11413-4","article-title":"Bloodstream infections: trends in etiology and antimicrobial resistance in 10 years in eastern Nepal","volume":"25","author":"Khanal","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-022-01262-1","article-title":"Epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in children in a tertiary care pediatric hospital in Milan, Italy, 2017\u20142021","volume":"48","author":"La Vecchia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614007","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1614007","article-title":"Spatial disparities of population aging in Shenzhen: from China\u2019s Hukou perspective","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-025-05292-z","article-title":"Time to positivity as a predictor of catheter-related bacteremia and mortality in adults with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection","volume":"29","author":"Marco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-023-01447-2","article-title":"The impact of gender medicine on neonatology: the disadvantage of being male: a narrative review","volume":"49","author":"Migliori","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0282290","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282290","article-title":"Risk factors of catheter- associated bloodstream infection: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Murt","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae211","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical relevance of persistent bacteraemia in patients with gram-negative bloodstream infection: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"79","author":"Ong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.103028","article-title":"Rapid molecular assays versus blood culture for bloodstream infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Rapszky","year":"2025","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9S","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539515572219","article-title":"Disease development trends for maternal and child health care in Shenzhen, China","volume":"27","author":"Ren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53930-x","article-title":"Next-generation rapid phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing","volume":"15","author":"Reszetnik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4424","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094424","article-title":"Coagulase-negative staphylococci determined as blood culture contamination have high virulence characteristic including transfer of antibiotic resistance determinants to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli","volume":"26","author":"Rybak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26633\/rpsp.2023.18","article-title":"Bloodstream infections and antibiotic resistance at a regional hospital, Colombia, 2019\u20132021","volume":"47","author":"Saavedra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Panam. Salud Publica"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14090915","article-title":"Assessing the interpretation of molecular test results in the diagnosis of bloodstream infections","volume":"14","author":"S\u0142abisz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-025-01177-0","article-title":"Empiric antibiotic therapy resistance and mortality in emergency department patients with bloodstream infection: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"25","author":"von Beck","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228401","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1228401","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of bloodstream infections in adult patients with solid tumours and a nomogram for mortality prediction: a 5-year case-controlled retrospective study in a tertiary-level hospital","volume":"13","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infpip.2021.100147","article-title":"Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales colonization and subsequent infection in a neonatal intensive care unit in Shanghai, China","volume":"3","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Prev. Pract."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-024-01440-2","article-title":"Trends in the antimicrobial susceptibility among Chinese neonates from 2012 to 2021: a multicenter study","volume":"13","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3160-3","article-title":"Risk factors for carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae bloodstream infection and predictors of mortality in Chinese paediatric patients","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820577","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.820577","article-title":"Epidemiology and drug resistance of neonatal bloodstream infection pathogens in East China children\u2019s medical center from 2016 to 2020","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5295","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S556913","article-title":"Distribution and antibiotic resistance analysis of bloodstream infection pathogens in Yibin, Sichuan","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163312","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1163312","article-title":"Bacterial distribution and drug resistance in blood samples of children in Jiangxi region, 2017-2021","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1756119\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:43:42Z","timestamp":1772779422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1756119\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1756119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1756119","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"article-number":"1756119"}}