{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T14:25:57Z","timestamp":1770906357249,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To evaluate the clinical diagnostic ability of iFIND TBR (iFIND) for\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MTB) and resistance to rifampicin (RIF).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sputum samples, prospectively collected from patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis between November 2023 and December 2024, were used for comprehensive laboratory testing, including smear microscopy, solid culture, Xpert MTB\/RIF, iFIND assays, and proportion method drug susceptibility testing (DST).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the 452 patients, the positive rates of iFIND (80.31%) and Xpert (76.99%) were significantly higher than those of solid culture (65.49%). Based on solid culture as the reference standard, the sensitivity of iFIND for detection of MTB was slightly higher than that of Xpert, but no statistically significant difference was observed (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.157). The sensitivity and specificity of iFIND for detection of MTB were 99.14 and 84.31% relative to the bacteriology reference standard, respectively. Based on the clinical diagnosis results as reference, the higher sensitivity of iFIND than Xpert was observed in detecting MTB (93.46% vs. 90.58%), although the difference was not statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.162). The rifampicin detection failure rate was significantly higher in low bacterial load specimens (1+) compared to those with moderate\/high loads (\u22652+) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). With the proportion method DST results as reference standard, no statistically significant differences were observed in the sensitivity and specificity between iFIND and Xpert.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The iFIND assay is a rapid and automated assay with sensitivity and specificity comparable to Xpert for early TB diagnosis and drug resistance screening, making it particularly suitable for implementation in primary healthcare settings and general hospitals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1757837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T13:42:33Z","timestamp":1770903753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Real-world performance of iFIND-TBR for rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xichao","family":"Ou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huiwen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Core Technologies for the Prevention and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Children, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tuberculosis Prevention and Control, Chengde Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chengde Municipal Health Supervision Institute)","place":["Chengde, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaojian","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tuberculosis Prevention and Control, Chengde Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chengde Municipal Health Supervision Institute)","place":["Chengde, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tuberculosis Prevention and Control, Chengde Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chengde Municipal Health Supervision Institute)","place":["Chengde, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feina","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Core Technologies for the Prevention and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Children, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yajie","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Core Technologies for the Prevention and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Children, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruida","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Core Technologies for the Prevention and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Children, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhonghua","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Accurate Detection of Tuberculosis, Tianjin Haihe Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lixia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Accurate Detection of Tuberculosis, Tianjin Haihe Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanlin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingzi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tuberculosis Prevention and Control, Chengde Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chengde Municipal Health Supervision Institute)","place":["Chengde, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907847","article-title":"Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance","volume":"363","author":"Boehme","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960000402","article-title":"Mycobacterial growth indicator tube versus the proportion method on Lowenstein-Jensen medium for antibiotic susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"19","author":"Cambau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. 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Module 3: Diagnosis - rapid Diagnostics for Tuberculosis Detection, 2021 Update","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref26","volume-title":"Target Product Profiles for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Detection of Drug resistance","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1757837\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T13:42:34Z","timestamp":1770903754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1757837\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1757837"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1757837","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"article-number":"1757837"}}