{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T04:39:44Z","timestamp":1784954384157,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Olive oil producing countries, including Morocco, generate large volumes of olive mill wastewater (OMW), which is characterized by high organic and phenolic loads, leading to serious environmental concerns. The present study aimed to evaluate this by-product by investigating its antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. Twelve OMW samples collected from five Moroccan regions were subjected to this study. Polyphenol extraction yielded total phenolic contents ranging from 183.49\u202f\u00b1\u202f2.18 to 736.56\u202f\u00b1\u202f2.94\u202fmg GAE\/g extract and total flavonoid contents between 43.22\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.42 and 341.92\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.99\u202fmg QE\/g extract. HPLC-DAD analysis identified 17 phenolic compounds, with hydroxytyrosol being the predominant compound, reaching concentrations of up to 135.16\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.01\u202fmg\/g in OMWExt 2. All extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with total antioxidant capacities between 112.79\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.37 and 515.00\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.84\u202fmg EAA\/g extract. The FRAP values ranged from 69.78\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.27\u202fmg ET\/g extract to 284.73\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.85\u202fmg ET\/g, and the optimal IC\u2085\u2080 values were 11.99\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.19\u202f\u03bcg\/mL (DPPH) and 11.91\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.55\u202f\u03bcg\/mL (ABTS) for OMWExt 2. Antibacterial activity was observed against both Gram-negative (\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    K12,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    CIP 82.114, and\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    CIP A22) and Gram-positive bacteria (\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 6633 and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 29213), with MIC values ranging from 625\u202f\u03bcg\/mL to 2.5\u202fmg\/mL. Antifungal activity was detected particularly in extracts with high hydroxytyrosol contents, especially OMWExt 2, which presented MIC values between 1.15 and 25\u202fmg\/mL against\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 10231,\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    MTCC 9606,\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus niger<\/jats:italic>\n                    MTCC 282, and\n                    <jats:italic>Fusarium oxysporum<\/jats:italic>\n                    MTCC 9913.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1762240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T06:02:52Z","timestamp":1780034572000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring olive mill wastewater as a reservoir of antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds: insights from a cross-regional Moroccan study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Khaoula","family":"Faiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-food and Health, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz","place":["Fez, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaymae","family":"Ghaffouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-food and Health, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz","place":["Fez, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumia Ait","family":"Assou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-food and Health, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz","place":["Fez, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adil","family":"Roukbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-food and Health, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz","place":["Fez, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar Abdulaziz","family":"AlSedairy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Giesy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University","place":["Waco, TX, United States"]},{"name":"Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan","place":["Saskatoon, SK, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University","place":["East Lansing, MI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Benlemlih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-food and Health, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz","place":["Fez, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mourad A. M.","family":"Aboul-Soud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research (CEBR), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bouchra","family":"Louast\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-food and Health, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz","place":["Fez, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.11.036","article-title":"Low cost biosorbent \u201cbanana peel\u201d for the removal of phenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater: kinetic and equilibrium studies","volume":"166","author":"Achak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2009.03.012","article-title":"Removal of organic pollutants and nutrients from olive mill wastewater by a sand filter","volume":"90","author":"Achak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.7202\/037780ar","article-title":"Traitement des margines d\u2019une huilerie moderne par infiltration-percolation sur un filtre \u00e0 sable","volume":"22","author":"Achak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Eau"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.109789","article-title":"Evaluation of olive mill wastewater treatment based on advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), flocculation and filtration","volume":"11","author":"Agabo-Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6106673","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6106673","article-title":"Diversity and antimicrobial activities of actinobacteria isolated from mining soils in Midelt region, Morocco","volume":"2023","author":"Ait Assou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2024.e02292","article-title":"Anti-Candida albicans activity of bioactive fractions from Streptomyces sp. DS104","volume":"25","author":"Ait Assou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134576","article-title":"Optimal conditions for olive mill wastewater treatment using ultrasound and advanced oxidation processes","volume":"700","author":"Al-Bsoul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.3390\/w14111695","article-title":"Sustainable vs. conventional approach for olive oil wastewater management: a review of the state of the art","volume":"14","author":"Al-Qodah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27103165","article-title":"Anticancer, anticoagulant, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Thevetia peruviana latex","volume":"27","author":"Al-Rajhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.3390\/life13091839","article-title":"Anti-yeasts, antioxidant and healing properties of henna pre-treated by moist heat and molecular docking of its major constituents with Candida albicans and Geotrichum candidum proteins","volume":"13","author":"Alsalamah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.3390\/pr110927771","article-title":"Polyphenols as antioxidant\/pro-oxidant compounds and donors of reducing species: relationship with human antioxidant metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Andr\u00e9s","year":"2023","journal-title":"PRO"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-018-5966-2","article-title":"Characterization of olive mill wastewater and gamma irradiation effects on some parameters of its composition","volume":"317","author":"Arabi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-9592(02)00091-2","article-title":"Decolorization of fresh and stored black olive mill wastewaters by Geotrichum candidum","volume":"38","author":"Assas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4172\/1948-593X.S12-006","article-title":"Effect of a purified extract of olive mill wastewater on endothelial cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and capillary-like structure in vitro and in vivo","volume":"1","author":"Bassani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bioanal. Biomed."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.02.006","article-title":"Agronomic application of olive mill wastewater: effects on maize production and soil properties","volume":"171","author":"Belaqziz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202401714","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202401714","article-title":"New insights into the antibacterial activity of hydroxytyrosol extracted from olive leaves: molecular docking simulations of its antibacterial mechanisms","volume":"22","author":"Ben Hassena","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2005.03.074","article-title":"A comparison of olive oil mill wastewaters from three different processes in Morocco","volume":"41","author":"Ben Sassi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357991773258","article-title":"In vitro antimicrobial activity of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol","volume":"51","author":"Bisignano","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes10110334","article-title":"Treatment of olive mill wastewater through integrated pressure-driven membrane processes","volume":"10","author":"Bottino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Membranes"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112640","article-title":"Phytochemical investigation, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of aqueous and organic extracts of Atractylis gummifera L","volume":"253","author":"Bouabid","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1021\/jf048859d","article-title":"Identification and antioxidant potential of flavonoids and low molecular weight phenols in olive cultivar Chemlali growing in Tunisia","volume":"53","author":"Bouaziz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"1120","article-title":"Antifungal Activity of Oregano Essential oil and Thymol against fungi Isolated from corn Grains","volume":"17","author":"Boudine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Appl. Stu."},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"1039","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization of olive oil mill wastewaters in the eastern region of Morocco","volume":"5","author":"Bouknana","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7081","DOI":"10.1021\/jf3017699","article-title":"Factors influencing phenolic compounds in table olives (Olea europaea)","volume":"60","author":"Charoenprasert","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.04.040","article-title":"Control of household mycoflora in fermented sausages using phenolic fractions from olive mill wastewaters","volume":"207","author":"Chaves-L\u00f3pez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2014.02.004","article-title":"Biological treatment of olive mill wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor","volume":"85","author":"Chiavola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2014.09.033","article-title":"Polyphenolic characterization of olive mill wastewaters after membrane technology","volume":"65","author":"D\u2019Antuono","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9260","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13079260","article-title":"Correlation among antioxidant, antimicrobial, hemolytic and antiproliferative properties of Leiothrix spiralis leaves extract","volume":"13","author":"De Freitas Ara\u00fajo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-017-2893-3","article-title":"Polyphenolic profile and antioxidant activity of olive mill wastewater from two Sicilian olive cultivars","volume":"243","author":"Di Mauro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02624","article-title":"Hydroxytyrosol analogs act as potent antifungals by direct disruption of the fungal cell membrane","volume":"9","author":"Diallinas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2020.02.008","article-title":"Environmental life cycle assessment of olive pomace utilization in Turkey","volume":"22","author":"Duman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainable Prod. Consumption"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10510","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC113.1051010532","article-title":"Optimization of roasting conditions on the bioactive compounds and their antioxidant power from Opuntia ficus-indica seeds using response surface methodology","volume":"11","author":"El Guezzane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14488","DOI":"10.3390\/su142114488","article-title":"Spatial variation of phytochemical and antioxidant activities of olive mill wastewater: a chemometric approach","volume":"14","author":"El Moudden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2019.103337","article-title":"Antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity of total polyphenols of Withania frutescens L","volume":"93","author":"El Moussaoui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.11.013","article-title":"Phenolic profile and antioxidant activities of olive mill wastewater","volume":"132","author":"El-Abbassi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.03.806","article-title":"Olive mill wastewater production in the province of Al-Hoceima (Morocco) and their physico-chemical characterization by mill types","volume":"27","author":"Elabdouni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-23449-1_2","volume-title":"Wastewater from olive oil Production: Environmental Impacts, Treatment and Valorisation","author":"El-Emam","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2022.122525","article-title":"Photo-Fenton like process as polishing step of biologically co-treated olive mill wastewater for phenols removal","volume":"305","author":"Faggiano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2621.2003.00665.x","article-title":"Influence of phenolic extracts from olive plant on the stability of sunflower oil","volume":"38","author":"Farag","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of irrigation with olive-mill wastewater on physiological and biochemical parameters and heavy-metal accumulation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)","volume":"66","author":"Farhat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. New Sci."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2005.05.036","article-title":"Hypocholesterolemic effects of phenolic-rich extracts of Chemlali olive cultivar in rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet","volume":"13","author":"Fki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2007.09.002","article-title":"Potential for methane production from typical Mediterranean agro-industrial by-products","volume":"32","author":"Fountoulakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01997E","article-title":"The effects of polyphenols and other bioactives on human health","volume":"10","author":"Fraga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900198","DOI":"10.1002\/clen.201900198","article-title":"Response surface modeling and optimization of microwave-activated persulfate oxidation of olive oil mill wastewater","volume":"48","author":"Gen\u00e7","year":"2020","journal-title":"CLEAN Soil Air Water"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00347","article-title":"Phenolic profile (HPLC-UV) of olive leaves according to extraction procedure and assessment of antibacterial activity","volume":"23","author":"Ghomari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-1986-y","article-title":"Application of the central composite design to mineralization of olive mill wastewater by the electro\/FeII\/persulfate oxidation method","volume":"2","author":"G\u00f6rmez","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-52.4.264","article-title":"Effects of oleuropein, tyrosol and caffeic acid on the growth of mold isolated from olives","volume":"52","author":"Gourama","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref48","volume-title":"World olive oil Production Report 2020\/2021","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-011-0806-y","article-title":"Olive oil mill wastewaters before and after treatment: a critical review from the ecotoxicological point of view","volume":"21","author":"Justino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-9592(03)00189-4","article-title":"Enhancement of polyphenols in olive oil by contact with fermented olive mill wastewater by Lactobacillus plantarum","volume":"39","author":"Kachouri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.200600090","article-title":"Effect of fatty acids and tocopherols on the oxidative stability of vegetable oils","volume":"108","author":"Kamal-Eldin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5856","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3615","article-title":"Potential mechanism of gallic acid as an antibacterial and anticancer agent","volume":"11","author":"Keyvani-Ghamsari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12882","article-title":"Olive byproducts and their bioactive compounds as a valuable source for food packaging applications","volume":"21","author":"Khwaldia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6020","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6126020","article-title":"Resources and biological activities of natural polyphenols","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.02.002","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide generation and biocompatibility of hydrogel-bound mussel adhesive moiety","volume":"17","author":"Meng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref56","volume-title":"Key Figures for the olive sector in 2022","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physico-chemical and microbiological characterization of olive mill wastewater of different regions of Tunisia","volume":"48","author":"Mnasri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J New Sci."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.02.083","article-title":"Essential oil composition and antibacterial activity of Thymus caramanicus at different phenological stages","volume":"110","author":"Nejad Ebrahimi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4236\/jsbs.2020.104009","article-title":"Valorization of agricultural waste: theoretical estimation and experimental biomethane yield from cashew nut hulls","volume":"10","author":"Nikiema","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Bioenergy Syst."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2016.04.016","article-title":"Olive by-products for functional and food applications: challenging opportunities to face environmental constraints","volume":"35","author":"Nunes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.01.004","article-title":"Bioscreening of Australian olive mill waste extracts: biophenol content, antioxidant, antimicrobial and molluscicidal activities","volume":"45","author":"Obied","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1748563","article-title":"Deriving valorization of phenolic compounds from olive oil by-products for food applications through microencapsulation approaches: a comprehensive review","volume":"61","author":"Paulo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010588","article-title":"Caffeic acid and diseases\u2014mechanisms of action","volume":"24","author":"Pavl\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s13765-023-00832-z","article-title":"Inhibitory potential of rutin and rutin nano-crystals against Helicobacter pylori, colon cancer, hemolysis and butyrylcholinesterase in vitro and in silico","volume":"66","author":"Qanash","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6545","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196545","article-title":"Quercetin: antioxidant mechanism, antibacterial properties and potential application in prevention and control of toxipathy","volume":"27","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref66","volume-title":"L\u2019analyse de l\u2019eau: contr\u00f4le et interpr\u00e9tation","author":"Rodier","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.03.027","article-title":"Olive by-products: challenge application in cosmetic industry","volume":"70","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5760","DOI":"10.4081\/ijfs.2016.5760","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of olive mill wastewater extract against Pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from mozzarella cheese","volume":"5","author":"Roila","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ital J Food Saf."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14211","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.14211","article-title":"Evaluation of enrichment with antioxidants from olive oil mill wastes in hydrophilic model system","volume":"43","author":"Romeo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2007.01.006","article-title":"Microtitre plate-based antibacterial assay incorporating resazurin as indicator of cell growth","volume":"42","author":"Sarker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-2920.2001.00176.x","article-title":"Chemical properties of catechols and their molecular modes of toxic action in cells: minireview","volume":"3","author":"Schweigert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2024.2411851","article-title":"Phytochemical composition analysis, antioxidant, antimitotic and anti-inflammatory effects of Pistacia lentiscus L. extracts","volume":"27","author":"Seddoqi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114399","article-title":"Treatment technologies for olive mill wastewater with impacts on plants","volume":"216","author":"Shabir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.111932","article-title":"Determination of total flavonoid content by aluminum chloride assay: a critical evaluation","volume":"150","author":"Shraim","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)99017-1","article-title":"Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent","volume":"299","author":"Singleton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2007.04.003","article-title":"Effect of solvent and extraction temperatures on the antioxidant potential of traditional stoned table olives \u201calcaparras.\u201d","volume":"41","author":"Sousa","year":"2008","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1021\/jf8032254","article-title":"Methods for preparing phenolic extracts from olive cake for potential application as food antioxidants","volume":"57","author":"Su\u00e1rez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431021","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/431021","article-title":"Synergistic antibacterial effects of polyphenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater","volume":"2011","author":"Tafesh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12213783","article-title":"Antioxidant, antimicrobial and insecticidal properties of Mentha longifolia essential oils","volume":"12","author":"Tourabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plants."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172676","article-title":"Olive mill wastewater treatment strategies to obtain quality water for irrigation: a review","volume":"931","author":"Vaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.05.005","article-title":"Phenolic compositions and antioxidant performance of olive leaf and fruit (Olea europaea L.) extracts and their structure\u2013activity relationships","volume":"16","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2018.03.044","article-title":"Phenolic composition and antimicrobial activity of Algerian olive products and by-products","volume":"93","author":"Yakhlef","year":"2018","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2010.04.016","article-title":"Fungicidal effect of hydroxytyrosol-rich preparations from olive mill wastewater against Verticillium dahliae","volume":"29","author":"Yangui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.11.038","article-title":"Purification of olive mill wastewater phenols through membrane filtration and resin adsorption\/desorption","volume":"285","author":"Zagklis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.2174\/13894501113149990167","article-title":"Hydroxytyrosol expresses antifungal activity in vitro","volume":"14","author":"Zoric","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1762240\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T06:02:56Z","timestamp":1780034576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1762240\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1762240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1762240","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"article-number":"1762240"}}