{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:46:43Z","timestamp":1780361203792,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Department of Guangdong Province of China","award":["2016A020222002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016A020222002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The hepatopancreas of\n                      <jats:italic>Litopenaeus vannamei<\/jats:italic>\n                      plays a central role in digestion, metabolism, mineral homeostasis, and immune defense; however, its strain-specific responsiveness to probiotics remains insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to elucidate the comparative effects of a single-strain probiotic (Lactobacillus salivarius GZPH2; HH) and a mixed-strain consortium (EM; TH) on hepatopancreatic function under tropical semi-intensive culture conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An integrated multi-omics approach, combining histology, mineral profiling, 16S\/18S rRNA sequencing, and 4D data-independent acquisition (4D-DIA) proteomics, was applied to evaluate probiotic-induced changes after 90 days of feeding, with a non-supplemented group (WH) as control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both probiotics significantly improved growth, survival, and feed efficiency, increasing biomass by 26\u201327% relative to the control; however, distinct mechanistic responses were observed. HH enhanced hepatopancreatic regeneration by increasing embryonic (E) and fibrillar (F) cells while reducing blister-like (B) and resorptive (R) cells, alongside greater accumulation of Mg, Fe, Ca, and Se. It also promoted microbial evenness and enriched beneficial\n                      <jats:italic>Alphaproteobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                      (e.g.,\n                      <jats:italic>Labrenzia, Tropicibacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and fungal taxa (\n                      <jats:italic>Candida\u2013Lodderomyces clade<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Proteomic analysis revealed upregulation of carbohydrate metabolism, calcium regulation, immune-related proteins, and antioxidant enzymes, including hemocyanin, crustin-like proteins, chitinase, and catalase. In contrast, TH maintained a storage-oriented morphology, exhibited lower mineral deposition and microbial diversity, was dominated by\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and preferentially enriched proteolytic enzymes and redox-related pathways.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings demonstrate that the single-strain probiotic GZPH2 induced a more regenerative, metabolically efficient, and immunologically robust hepatopancreatic state than the mixed consortium. These findings provide multi-omics evidence supporting strain-specific probiotic selection as a precision strategy to enhance shrimp health and sustainability in aquaculture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1762396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T05:25:51Z","timestamp":1776317151000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Lactobacillus salivarius GZPH2 reshapes hepatopancreatic microbiome structure and enhances immunometabolism in Litopenaeus vannamei under farm conditions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Farhana","family":"Najnine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinbo","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junpeng","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713369","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1713369","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) hepatopancreas reveal immune and metabolic responses to AHPND-causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus","volume":"17","author":"Aldersey","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. 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