{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:20:36Z","timestamp":1787026836644,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rising global incidence of precocious puberty, understanding its pathogenesis is crucial. The gut microbiota, a key regulator of host physiology, has emerged as a potential contributor. While microbial alterations are observed during puberty and dysbiosis is associated with its early onset, definitive mechanisms are unclear. This review examines the role of gut microbiota and derived metabolites in precocious puberty through its effects on endocrine, immune, metabolic, and gut-brain axis. By integrating existing research, the purpose of this review is to provide a conceptual framework and highlight prospects for novel diagnostics and therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1766234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T06:51:40Z","timestamp":1774421500000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unveiling the gut: microbiota and derived metabolites\u2019 role in the rising tide of precocious puberty"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Anqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research Center, Weifang People's Hospital, Shandong Second Medical University","place":["Weifang, China"]},{"name":"School of Medical Laboratory, Shandong Second Medical University","place":["Weifang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuesong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Weifang People's Hospital, Shandong Second Medical University","place":["Weifang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanzhao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Weifang People's Hospital, Shandong Second Medical University","place":["Weifang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research Center, Weifang People's Hospital, Shandong Second Medical University","place":["Weifang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohe","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Weifang People's Hospital, Shandong Second Medical University","place":["Weifang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research Center, Weifang People's Hospital, Shandong Second Medical University","place":["Weifang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongmei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research Center, Weifang People's Hospital, Shandong Second Medical University","place":["Weifang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenglong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Laibo Biotechnology Co., Ltd.","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research Center, Weifang People's Hospital, Shandong Second Medical University","place":["Weifang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honggang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Weifang People's Hospital, Shandong Second Medical University","place":["Weifang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research Center, Weifang People's Hospital, Shandong Second Medical University","place":["Weifang, China"]},{"name":"Shandong Laibo Biotechnology Co., Ltd.","place":["Jinan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2019.01000","article-title":"Role of inulin as prebiotics on inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"13","author":"Akram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Ther."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s43188-020-00060-3","article-title":"Elevated anxiety, hypoactivity, memory deficits, decreases of brain serotonin and 5-HT-1A receptors expression in rats treated with omeprazole","volume":"37","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00339-4","article-title":"Molecular basis of normal and pathological puberty: from basic mechanisms to clinical implications","volume":"11","author":"Argente","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00427","article-title":"The intestinal microbiome in early life: health and disease","volume":"5","author":"Arrieta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596654","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1596654","article-title":"Research summary, possible mechanisms and perspectives of gut microbiota changes causing precocious puberty","volume":"12","author":"Bao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E121","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00409.2016","article-title":"Cyp8b1 ablation prevents Western diet-induced weight gain and hepatic steatosis because of impaired fat absorption","volume":"313","author":"Bertaggia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02282-5","article-title":"Prebiotic effect of inulin-type fructans on faecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Birkeland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930747","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.930747","article-title":"Effects of high-fat diet during childhood on precocious puberty and gut microbiota in mice","volume":"13","author":"Bo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3663","article-title":"The effect of host genetics on the gut microbiome","volume":"48","author":"Bonder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2015665","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.15665","article-title":"Trends in the incidence of central precocious puberty and Normal variant puberty among children in Denmark, 1998 to 2017","volume":"3","author":"Br\u00e4uner","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2015.06.005","article-title":"Noradrenaline modulates the presence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in ovary. The importance of its interrelation on the ovarian steroidogenesis and apoptosis on dioestrus II in rat","volume":"154","author":"Bronzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.84","article-title":"The role of short chain fatty acids in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis","volume":"39","author":"Byrne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13050699","article-title":"High-fat diet-induced decreased circulating bile acids contribute to obesity associated with gut microbiota in mice","volume":"13","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.75","article-title":"Microbiome-driven allergic lung inflammation is ameliorated by short-chain fatty acids","volume":"11","author":"Cait","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3390\/children10020241","article-title":"Links between childhood obesity, high-fat diet, and central precocious puberty","volume":"10","author":"Calcaterra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000919","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1000919","article-title":"Precocious puberty and microbiota: the role of the sex hormone-gut microbiome axis","volume":"13","author":"Calcaterra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3390\/life11121353","article-title":"The role of pediatric nutrition as a modifiable risk factor for precocious puberty","volume":"11","author":"Calcaterra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae035","article-title":"Central precocious puberty in Italian boys: data from a large Nationwide cohort","volume":"109","author":"Cassio","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.04.009","article-title":"Hypothalamic bile acid-TGR5 signaling protects from obesity","volume":"33","author":"Castellanos-Jankiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665114001657","article-title":"Control of appetite and energy intake by SCFA: what are the potential underlying mechanisms?","volume":"74","author":"Chambers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-015-0130-8","article-title":"Central precocious puberty: update on diagnosis and treatment","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Paediatr. Drugs"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972297","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.972297","article-title":"Serum metabolomic analysis reveals key metabolites in drug treatment of central precocious puberty in female children","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154264","article-title":"Simiao wan modulates the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism during improving type 2 diabetes mellitus in mice","volume":"104","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025706","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1025706","article-title":"The critical role of gut microbiota in obesity","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.02.086","article-title":"Rifaximin ameliorates depression-like behaviour in chronic unpredictable mild stress rats by regulating intestinal microbiota and hippocampal tryptophan metabolism","volume":"329","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-1102","article-title":"GNRH analog therapy in girls with early puberty is associated with the achievement of predicted final height but also with increased risk of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"163","author":"Chiavaroli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2000.13.S1.695","article-title":"Etiology and age incidence of precocious puberty in girls: a multicentric study","volume":"13","author":"Cisternino","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2016.01.001","article-title":"Physiology of the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal Axis in the male","volume":"43","author":"Corradi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.03.013","article-title":"Pleiotropic roles of bile acids in metabolism","volume":"17","author":"de Aguiar Vallim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04641-7","article-title":"Individuality and convergence of the infant gut microbiota during the first year of life","volume":"9","author":"de Muinck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R036012","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism","volume":"54","author":"den Besten","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1139\/o00-015","article-title":"The role of glutamate and nitric oxide in the reproductive neuroendocrine system","volume":"78","author":"Dhandapani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03343-3","article-title":"The interaction of bile acids and gut inflammation influences the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"18","author":"Di Ciaula","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00941","article-title":"The Association of gut Microbiota with Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty in girls","volume":"10","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109332","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids regulate IL-17 production by mouse and human intestinal \u03b3\u03b4 T cells","volume":"36","author":"Dupraz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4222083","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/4222083","article-title":"Gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome: relationships and opportunities for new therapeutic strategies","volume":"2024","author":"Ezenabor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientifica (Cairo)"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2017.09.011","article-title":"The role of prebiotics and probiotics in gastrointestinal disease","volume":"47","author":"Floch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19010049","article-title":"Puberty starts in the gut: intestinal clues to early puberty-rethinking biomarkers in pediatric endocrinology","volume":"19","author":"Fr\u0103sinariu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4611","article-title":"The short-chain fatty acid acetate reduces appetite via a central homeostatic mechanism","volume":"5","author":"Frost","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643636","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1643636","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolic reprogramming modulates cytokine networks in nucleos(t)ide analogue-treated chronic hepatitis B patients","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.150359","article-title":"Dairy intake in relation to breast and pubertal development in Chilean girls","volume":"105","author":"Gaskins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.12267","article-title":"Lactobacillus paracasei IMC 502 ameliorates type 2 diabetes by mediating gut microbiota-SCFA-hormone\/inflammation pathway in mice","volume":"103","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041037","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of prebiotics and their effects on gastro-intestinal disorders in adults","volume":"12","author":"Guarino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0153196","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153196","article-title":"Association between polycystic ovary syndrome and gut microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14063","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14063","article-title":"Gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids partially mediate the beneficial effects of inulin on metabolic disorders in obese Ob\/Ob mice","volume":"46","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113907","article-title":"Development of precocious puberty in children: surmised medicinal plant treatment","volume":"156","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-015-0101-x","article-title":"Structure and function of the healthy pre-adolescent pediatric gut microbiome","volume":"3","author":"Hollister","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2236749","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2236749","article-title":"Gut microbial beta-glucuronidase: a vital regulator in female estrogen metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.08.002","article-title":"Intestinal tryptophan metabolism in disease prevention and swine production","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04169-5","article-title":"Gut microbiome combined with metabolomics reveals biomarkers and pathways in central precocious puberty","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7175250","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7175250","article-title":"Distinct gut microbiota structure and function of children with idiopathic central and peripheral precocious puberty","volume":"2022","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.04.014","article-title":"The postnatal 5-HT(1A) receptor regulates adult anxiety and depression differently via multiple molecules","volume":"78","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02585E","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids could prevent fat deposition in pigs via regulating related hormones and genes","volume":"11","author":"Jiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0283510","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283510","article-title":"Ongoing increasing trends in central precocious puberty incidence among Korean boys and girls from 2008 to 2020","volume":"18","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1299311","article-title":"Regulation of humoral immunity by gut microbial products","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.12.022","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of central precocious puberty in Korea: an epidemiologic study based on a National Database","volume":"208","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-7376-5_10","article-title":"Microbiota-gut-brain axis in major depression: a new therapeutic approach","volume":"1411","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4578","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000081107","article-title":"Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome","volume":"108","author":"Koenig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.01.014","article-title":"Effects of serotonin and serotonergic agonists and antagonists on the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6","volume":"134","author":"Kubera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-017-9322-6","article-title":"Probiotics and the gut immune system: indirect regulation","volume":"10","author":"La Fata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00380-0","article-title":"Causes, diagnosis, and treatment of central precocious puberty","volume":"4","author":"Latronico","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748254","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.748254","article-title":"Crosstalk between intestinal serotonergic system and pattern recognition receptors on the microbiota-gut-brain Axis","volume":"12","author":"Layunta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2021.108926","article-title":"Impact of short-chain fatty acid supplementation on gut inflammation and microbiota composition in a murine colitis model","volume":"101","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00224","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000224","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for ulcerative colitis: the optimum timing and gut microbiota as predictors for long-term clinical outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3725","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1366","article-title":"The Posterodorsal medial amygdala regulates the timing of puberty onset in female rats","volume":"156","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c06674","article-title":"D-Arabitol ameliorates obesity and metabolic disorders via the gut microbiota-SCFAs-WAT browning axis","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126167","article-title":"Polysaccharides from Tetrastigma Hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg ameliorated inflammatory bowel disease by rebuilding the intestinal mucosal barrier and inhibiting inflammation through the SCFA-GPR41\/43 signaling pathway","volume":"250","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2300270","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202300270","article-title":"Aspartame intake delayed puberty onset in female offspring rats and girls","volume":"68","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bqaa036","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa036","article-title":"Dynorphin and GABAA receptor signaling contribute to progesterone's inhibition of the LH surge in female mice","volume":"161","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2022.0104","article-title":"Functions of gut microbiota metabolites, current status and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481364","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1481364","article-title":"Metabolomic disorders caused by an imbalance in the gut microbiota are associated with central precocious puberty","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.06.004","article-title":"Butyric acid regulates progesterone and estradiol secretion via cAMP signaling pathway in porcine granulosa cells","volume":"172","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"412","article-title":"Consensus statement for the diagnosis and treatment of central precocious puberty","volume":"53","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.11.016","article-title":"Increased autoimmune activity against 5-HT: a key component of depression that is associated with inflammation and activation of cell-mediated immunity, and with severity and staging of depression","volume":"136","author":"Maes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S1937-6448(08)02002-9","article-title":"Chapter 2: hypothalamic neural systems controlling the female reproductive life cycle gonadotropin-releasing hormone, glutamate, and GABA","volume":"274","author":"Maffucci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2022.10.003","article-title":"Gut microbiota-bile acid-skeletal muscle axis","volume":"31","author":"Mancin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2019.01.021","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids, pancreatic dysfunction and type 2 diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Mandaliya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1233521","article-title":"Sex differences in the gut microbiome drive hormone-dependent regulation of autoimmunity","volume":"339","author":"Markle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.11.019","article-title":"Effects of 5-HT(7) receptor antagonists on behaviors of mice that detect drugs used in the treatment of anxiety, depression, or schizophrenia","volume":"359","author":"Maxwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02415-8","article-title":"Increased circulating butyrate and ursodeoxycholate during probiotic intervention in humans with type 2 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"McMurdie","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-3143-0","article-title":"Gut microbiome production of short-chain fatty acids and obesity in children","volume":"37","author":"Murugesan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3745","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002475","article-title":"Dopamine induces IL-6-dependent IL-17 production via D1-like receptor on CD4 naive T cells and D1-like receptor antagonist SCH-23390 inhibits cartilage destruction in a human rheumatoid arthritis\/SCID mouse chimera model","volume":"186","author":"Nakano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13040484","article-title":"What has longitudinal 'omics' studies taught us about irritable bowel syndrome? A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Ng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Meta"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447834","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2447834","article-title":"Gut-derived lactic acid enhances tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptamine in regulation of anxiety via Akkermansia muciniphila","volume":"17","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00277","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-mediated gut epithelial and immune regulation and its relevance for inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"10","author":"Parada Venegas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.11.006","article-title":"TGR5 activation inhibits atherosclerosis by reducing macrophage inflammation and lipid loading","volume":"14","author":"Pols","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M111.011072","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M111.011072","article-title":"Urinary metabolite markers of precocious puberty","volume":"11","author":"Qi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteomics"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0509-0","article-title":"Gut microbiota-bile acid-interleukin-22 axis orchestrates polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28844","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80140-8","article-title":"Gut flora influences the hypothalamic-gonadal axis to regulate the pathogenesis of obesity-associated precocious puberty","volume":"14","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-195701","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor mediates the gluconeogenic activity of the farnesoid X receptor in the fasting condition","volume":"26","author":"Renga","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04180-0","article-title":"Precocious puberty and gut microbiome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Rodr\u00edguez Mazariegos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2474143","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2474143","article-title":"Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes but not obesity are associated with alterations in bile acid related gut microbe-microbe and gut microbe-host community metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Schlicht","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e95997","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.95997","article-title":"Targeting the gut microbiome to treat the osteoarthritis of obesity","volume":"3","author":"Schott","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.01.021","article-title":"Dysbiosis-induced secondary bile acid deficiency promotes intestinal inflammation","volume":"27","author":"Sinha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02510-1","article-title":"The function of gut microbiota in immune-related neurological disorders: a review","volume":"19","author":"Sittipo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0617-x","article-title":"Temporal development of the gut microbiome in early childhood from the TEDDY study","volume":"562","author":"Stewart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.19-006","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota in brain function and stress-related pathology","volume":"38","author":"Sudo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci. Microbiota Food Health"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0439-x","article-title":"The pros, cons, and many unknowns of probiotics","volume":"25","author":"Suez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000706","article-title":"Gut hormones in microbiota-gut-brain cross-talk","volume":"133","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1954874","article-title":"Emerging role of nutritional short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) against cancer via modulation of hematopoiesis","volume":"63","author":"Thiruvengadam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1019","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the G-protein-coupled receptor FFAR2","volume":"61","author":"Tolhurst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854477","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.854477","article-title":"Association of the consumption of common drinks with early puberty in both sexes","volume":"10","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-025-00772-x","article-title":"Western diet and fecal microbiota transplantation alter phenotypic, liver fatty acids, and gut metagenomics and metabolomics in Mtarc2 knockout mice","volume":"20","author":"Unrug-Bielawska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bqae098","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqae098","article-title":"Changes in the bile acid pool and timing of female puberty: potential novel role of hypothalamic TGR5","volume":"165","author":"Vanden Brink","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06192-7","article-title":"Gut microbiome shifts in people with type 1 diabetes are associated with glycaemic control: an INNODIA study","volume":"67","author":"Vatanen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4178607","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4178607","article-title":"Gut microbial changes, interactions, and their implications on human lifecycle: an ageing perspective","volume":"2018","author":"Vemuri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00098","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation in neurological disorders","volume":"10","author":"Vendrik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109887","article-title":"Gut microbiota-metabolite interactions meditate the effect of dietary patterns on precocious puberty","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-025-00937-z","article-title":"Potential diagnostic value of serum bile acid profiling in girls with central precocious puberty","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156350","article-title":"Exploring the mechanism and effective compounds of Changan granule on diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome via regulating 5-hydroxytryptamine signaling pathway in brain-gut axis","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12515","article-title":"The inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide can be mitigated by short-chain fatty acid, butyrate, through upregulation of IL-10 in septic shock","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00909-5","article-title":"Gut microbiome-derived ammonia modulates stress vulnerability in the host","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051797","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1051797","article-title":"Gut microbiota and its derived SCFAs regulate the HPGA to reverse obesity-induced precocious puberty in female rats","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/procel\/pwad026","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis and neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03461-8","article-title":"Alterations in the gut microbiota community are associated with childhood obesity and precocious puberty","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bqz041","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqz041","article-title":"Microbial reconstitution reverses early female puberty induced by maternal high-fat diet during lactation","volume":"161","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102766","article-title":"A dysregulated bile acid-gut microbiota axis contributes to obesity susceptibility","volume":"55","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.11.014","article-title":"The associations of the gut microbiome composition and short-chain fatty acid concentrations with body fat distribution in children","volume":"40","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/bbb\/zbaa110","article-title":"Three main short-chain fatty acids inhibit the activation of THP-1 cells by Mycoplasma pneumoniae","volume":"85","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref120","first-page":"170","article-title":"Probiotics for gastrointestinal conditions: a summary of the evidence","volume":"96","author":"Wilkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58644-w","article-title":"Attenuation of bile acid-mediated FXR and PXR activation in patients with Crohn's disease","volume":"10","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-03032-0","article-title":"Metabolic characteristics and pathogenesis of precocious puberty in girls: the role of perfluorinated compounds","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3814","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.1c00104","article-title":"Serum bile acid profiles improve clinical prediction of nonalcoholic fatty liver in T2DM patients","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.132256","article-title":"Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharide ameliorates type 2 diabetes mellitus by gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids-induced activation of the GLP-1\/GLP-1R\/cAMP\/PKA\/CREB\/INS pathway","volume":"270","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041104","article-title":"Role of bile acids in the regulation of food intake, and their dysregulation in metabolic disease","volume":"13","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18262-6","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids regulation of immune cell IL-22 production and gut immunity","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153268","article-title":"Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharides alleviate type 2 diabetic symptoms by modulating gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids","volume":"77","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11053","article-title":"Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography","volume":"486","author":"Yatsunenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795371","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.795371","article-title":"Perturbation on gut microbiota impedes the onset of obesity in high fat diet-induced mice","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-01412-2","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism of gut microbiota at different pubertal status","volume":"19","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2200501","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202200501","article-title":"Intervention effect of probiotics on the early onset of puberty induced by Daidzein in female mice","volume":"67","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12020323","article-title":"Exploring the mechanistic interplay between gut microbiota and precocious puberty: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Yue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00017","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00017-19","article-title":"Probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis V9 regulates the secretion of sex hormones in polycystic ovary syndrome patients through the gut-brain axis","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-25723-4","article-title":"Global prevalence and incidence of precocious puberty: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7921","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3709","article-title":"The effect of different prebiotics on intestinal probiotics in newly diagnosed diabetic patients","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-022-00869-5","article-title":"Regulatory role of short-chain fatty acids in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0333022","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03330-22","article-title":"Amelioration of colitis by a gut bacterial consortium producing anti-inflammatory secondary bile acids","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectrum"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1766234\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T06:51:45Z","timestamp":1774421505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1766234\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"references-count":137,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1766234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1766234","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"article-number":"1766234"}}