{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T07:12:57Z","timestamp":1771485177830,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilms are central to the development of dental caries, and strategies that effectively attenuate biofilm formation remain essential for disease control. This study examined the combined antibiofilm effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a green tea\u2013derived polyphenol, and delineated the underlying mechanisms using an integrative multi-omics framework.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Synergistic interactions between NaF and EGCG were first assessed by crystal violet staining and checkerboard microdilution analysis. Biofilm biomass, viability, and matrix composition were quantified using colony-forming unit assays, scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and measurements of water-insoluble extracellular polysaccharides. Transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic profiling were carried out to identify perturbed pathways, and arginine levels were quantified to evaluate metabolic responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Co-treatment with NaF and EGCG produced a synergistic inhibitory effect, markedly reducing biomass, viable cells, and extracellular polysaccharide content. Microscopic analyses demonstrated disrupted microcolony organization and compromised matrix architecture. Multi-omics profiling revealed concentration-dependent alterations in amino acid, carbohydrate metabolism, nucleotide and energy-related processes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NaF and EGCG synergistically disrupt\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilms by simultaneously impairing extracellular polysaccharide synthesis, redox balance, and central metabolic activity. These findings support the potential of combining EGCG with fluoride to enhance caries prevention strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1766833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T06:42:41Z","timestamp":1771483361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synergistic inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilms by fluoride and epigallocatechin gallate: insights from multi-omics analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Dentistry, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"National Center for Stomatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, College of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Dentistry, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"National Center for Stomatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, College of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Dentistry, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"National Center for Stomatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, College of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junjun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Dentistry, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"National Center for Stomatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, College of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3270","article-title":"Microbiological effects of sublethal levels of antibiotics","volume":"12","author":"Andersson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2022.2116320","article-title":"Effects of the green tea catechin epigallocatechin-3-gallate on Streptococcus mutans planktonic cultures and biofilms: systematic literature review of in vitro studies","volume":"38","author":"Aragao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01542-14","article-title":"Streptococcus mutans NADH oxidase lies at the intersection of overlapping regulons controlled by oxygen and NAD+ levels","volume":"196","author":"Baker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12114","article-title":"Transcription factor rex in regulation of pathophysiology in oral pathogens","volume":"31","author":"Bitoun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.09.008","article-title":"Oral biofilms: pathogens, matrix, and polymicrobial interactions in microenvironments","volume":"26","author":"Bowen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1159\/000324598","article-title":"Biology of Streptococcus mutans-derived glucosyltransferases: role in extracellular matrix formation of cariogenic biofilms","volume":"45","author":"Bowen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1159\/000325151","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of fluoride for caries control","volume":"22","author":"Buzalaf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Monogr. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10563-6","article-title":"Proteomic and metabolic characterization of membrane vesicles derived from Streptococcus mutans at different pH values","volume":"104","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113227","article-title":"Interplay between sublethal aminoglycosides and quorum sensing: consequences on survival in V. cholerae","volume":"10","author":"Carvalho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13721","article-title":"The broad-spectrum antibiofilm activity of amyloid-forming hexapeptides","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12147","article-title":"The SloR metalloregulator is involved in the Streptococcus mutans oxidative stress response","volume":"31","author":"Crepps","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2011.08.007","article-title":"Polyphenols as antimicrobial agents","volume":"23","author":"Daglia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00016-10","article-title":"Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance","volume":"74","author":"Davies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01345","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01345-17","article-title":"Oxidative stressors modify the response of Streptococcus mutans to its competence signal peptides","volume":"83","author":"De Furio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e569","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.51979","article-title":"Combined chlorhexidine-sodiumfluoride mouthrinse for orthodontic patients: clinical and microbiological study","volume":"7","author":"Dehghani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Dent"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0318135","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318135","article-title":"Antibacterial, antibiofilm and anti-quorum sensing activities of 1,2,3,5-tetrazine derivatives linked to a benzothiazole moiety","volume":"20","author":"Dzoyem","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1999.tb01989.x","article-title":"Prevention and reversal of dental caries: role of low level fluoride","volume":"27","author":"Featherstone","year":"1999","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654428","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2025.1654428","article-title":"Key virulence genes associated with Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Fitri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Oral Health."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00791-0","article-title":"The biofilm matrix: multitasking in a shared space","volume":"21","author":"Flemming","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12677","article-title":"Global epidemiology of dental caries and severe periodontitis - a comprehensive review","volume":"44","author":"Frencken","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0124969","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124969","article-title":"Transcriptional and phenotypic characterization of novel Spx-regulated genes in Streptococcus mutans","volume":"10","author":"Galvao","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0080421","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00804-21","article-title":"The de novo purine biosynthesis pathway is the only commonly regulated cellular pathway during biofilm formation in TSB-based medium in Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"9","author":"Gelinas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104129","article-title":"Inhibitory potential of EGCG on Streptococcus mutans biofilm: a new approach to prevent Cariogenesis","volume":"143","author":"Hairul Islam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1159\/000515814","article-title":"Green tea-derived epigallocatechin gallate inhibits acid production and promotes the aggregation of Streptococcus mutans and non-mutans streptococci","volume":"55","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1159\/000534055","article-title":"Green tea-derived catechins suppress the acid productions of Streptococcus mutans and enhance the efficiency of fluoride","volume":"57","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1159\/000092236","article-title":"Inhibition of acid production in dental plaque bacteria by green tea catechins","volume":"40","author":"Hirasawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.07.062","article-title":"Antibiotics disrupt coordination between transcriptional and phenotypic stress responses in pathogenic bacteria","volume":"20","author":"Jensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00118-15","article-title":"Transcription of oxidative stress genes is directly activated by SpxA1 and, to a lesser extent, by SpxA2 in Streptococcus mutans","volume":"197","author":"Kajfasz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-020-00237-z","article-title":"Dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children's worldwide, 1995 to 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Kazeminia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Face Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513504218","article-title":"The exopolysaccharide matrix: a virulence determinant of cariogenic biofilm","volume":"92","author":"Koo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2005.00018.x.","article-title":"Co-operative inhibition by fluoride and zinc of glucosyl transferase production and polysaccharide synthesis by mutans streptococci in suspension cultures and biofilms","volume":"254","author":"Koo","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01649-09","article-title":"Exopolysaccharides produced by Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferases modulate the establishment of microcolonies within multispecies biofilms","volume":"192","author":"Koo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0051-2018","article-title":"The biology of Streptococcus mutans","volume":"7","author":"Lemos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4532","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00885-12","article-title":"Effect of sodium fluoride, ampicillin, and chlorhexidine on Streptococcus mutans biofilm detachment","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jimb\/kuac013","article-title":"New insights and advances on pyomelanin production: from microbial synthesis to applications","volume":"49","author":"Lorquin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1139\/m95-133","article-title":"Antimicrobial actions of fluoride for oral bacteria","volume":"41","author":"Marquis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2010.05.006","article-title":"Structural basis for NADH\/NAD+ redox sensing by a rex family repressor","volume":"38","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13060540","article-title":"Enhanced anti-bacterial activity of arachidonic acid against the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans in combination with triclosan and fluoride","volume":"13","author":"Melkam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14010329","article-title":"Vitamin B6: a long known compound of surprising complexity","volume":"14","author":"Mooney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07105.x","article-title":"Redox sensing by a rex-family repressor is involved in the regulation of anaerobic gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"76","author":"Pagels","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17030","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.30","article-title":"Dental caries","volume":"3","author":"Pitts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000104","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000104","article-title":"Modification of the Streptococcus mutans transcriptome by LrgAB and environmental stressors","volume":"3","author":"Rice","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01798-4","article-title":"Effect of epigallocatechin gallate on dental biofilm of Streptococcus mutans: an in vitro study","volume":"21","author":"Schneider-Rayman","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14221775","article-title":"Biosynthesis of ribose-5-phosphate-metabolic regulator of Escherichia coli viability","volume":"14","author":"Seregina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106392","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1106392","article-title":"Ecological influence by colonization of fluoride-resistant Streptococcus mutans in oral biofilm","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13004","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160613004","article-title":"The N-Acetylglutamate synthase family: structures, function and mechanisms","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0127221","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01272-21","article-title":"Analysis of the Streptococcus mutans proteome during acid and oxidative stress reveals modules of protein coexpression and an expanded role for the TreR transcriptional regulator","volume":"7","author":"Tinder","year":"2022","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1159\/000049114","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of fluoride and its in vivo importance: identification of research questions","volume":"35","author":"Van Loveren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06295.x","article-title":"Structure and functional properties of the Bacillus subtilis transcriptional repressor rex","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581184","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.581184","article-title":"Streptococcus mutans membrane vesicles harboring glucosyltransferases augment Candida albicans biofilm development","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01016-10","article-title":"The tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate suppresses cariogenic virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans","volume":"55","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12388","article-title":"Molecular and regulatory mechanisms of oxidative stress adaptation in Streptococcus mutans","volume":"38","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02414","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02414-18","article-title":"A novel small molecule, ZY354, inhibits dental caries-associated oral biofilms","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1483-x","article-title":"Gut microbial beta-glucuronidase and glycerol\/diol dehydratase activity contribute to dietary heterocyclic amine biotransformation","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514561259","article-title":"Combinatorial effects of arginine and fluoride on oral bacteria","volume":"94","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1766833\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T06:42:42Z","timestamp":1771483362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1766833\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1766833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1766833","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"article-number":"1766833"}}