{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T06:11:44Z","timestamp":1777961504428,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Axillary bromhidrosis is characterized by excessive sweat gland activity and foul body odor, significantly affecting patients\u2019 psychological well-being and social interactions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study recruited 30 axillary bromhidrosis patients and 30 healthy controls, collecting sweat and stool samples for microbiome analysis. Among the patients, 8 patients received microwave therapy, collecting pre- and post-treatment samples for microbiome analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The axillary microbiota of patients showed significant differences compared to healthy controls, particularly with increased abundance of odor-causing bacteria such as\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and related species (\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus hominis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus haemolyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) (LDA\u202f&amp;gt;\u202f3,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). While the gut microbiota composition showed no significant changes, but LEfSe analysis revealed that SCFAs-producing bacteria (\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroides stercoris<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Phocaeicola massiliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Phocaeicola vulgatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) was significantly elevated (LDA\u202f&amp;gt;\u202f3,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05), indicating that the abundance changes of SCFAs-producing bacteria may be associated with axillary odor production through the regulation of metabolic processes. Correlation analysis revealed positive correlations between axillary odor-producing genera (\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Peptoniphilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Anaerococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and gut SCFAs-producing genera (\n                      <jats:italic>Roseburia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Blautia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), suggesting a bidirectional microbiota network through gut-derived butyrate production and immune modulation (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). However, further experimentals are required to confirm the causal relationship. Furthermore, microwave therapy significantly altered axillary microbiota diversity, potentially alleviating axillary odor by inhibiting odor-producing bacteria (\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) (LDA\u202f&amp;gt;\u202f3,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05), while exerting minimal impact on the gut microbiota. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed significant metabolic activity changes in lipid, carbohydrate, sulfur, and amino acid metabolism pathways.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is the first to demonstrate the interrelationship between the axillary and gut microbiota in axillary bromhidrosis patients, showing a link between gut-derived butyrate production and axillary odor. These findings offer new insights into the microbiological mechanisms underlying axillary bromhidrosis and identify potential microbial targets for future gut-based systemic treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1769465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T05:32:02Z","timestamp":1777959122000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Axillary and gut microbiota characteristics in axillary bromhidrosis patients and the effect of microwave therapy: a case-control study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xia","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingxi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaohan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yuncheng County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Yuncheng, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chongming","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Tianjin, China"]},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Tianjin, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.10.004","article-title":"Microbiota-derived butyrate promotes a FOXO1-induced stemness program and preserves CD8(+) T cell immunity against melanoma","volume":"58","author":"Bachem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnv111","article-title":"Identification of axillary Staphylococcus sp. involved in the production of the malodorous thioalcohol 3-methyl-3-sufanylhexan-1-ol","volume":"362","author":"Bawdon","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. 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