{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:29:53Z","timestamp":1787239793566,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a major public health concern. Physical plasma can generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) with antimicrobial activity. Plasma-activated liquid (PAL) can be used as a carrier for RONS. This study investigated the antibacterial effects of PAL against clinically relevant Gram-negative (\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n , multidrug-resistant (MDR)\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n ) and Gram-positive (\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>\n ) bacteria.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n \n A commercial argon plasma electrosurgical source was used to produce PAL from 0.9% NaCl solution. PAL-NaCl showed strong bactericidal effects: MDR\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n was completely eradicated (&gt;6 log\n 10<\/jats:sub>\n reduction) within 60\u202fmin.\n H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n was reduced by ~4.5 log\n 10<\/jats:sub>\n within 15\u202fmin and completely eradicated (&gt;5 log\n 10<\/jats:sub>\n ) within 60\u202fmin of exposure. Gram-negative bacteria were highly susceptible with a mean reduction of ~6.3 log\n 10<\/jats:sub>\n , whereas Gram-positive bacteria showed lower susceptibility with a mean reduction of ~2.6 log\n 10<\/jats:sub>\n . Antibacterial activity was associated with acidic pH and influenced by carrier solution chemistry, consistent with a contribution of short-lived secondary reactive nitrogen species. The scavenger 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrinato iron(III) chloride (FeTPPS), targeting peroxynitrite (ONOO\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n ), partially inhibited the antibacterial effect, supporting its mechanistic importance. Buffered solutions (higher pH) showed minimal antibacterial activity despite higher absolute RONS concentrations which underlines the importance of the acidic environment.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n PAL generated with an argon plasma electrosurgical source exhibits potent antibacterial activity, driven by low pH and RONS dynamics. PAL effectively inactivates MDR pathogens and other clinically relevant pathogens, including\n H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n . The stomach\u2019s acidic environment may enhance PAL activity by maintaining the low-pH conditions required for pH-dependent reactive nitrogen chemistry associated with antibacterial efficacy.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1771100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T06:36:54Z","timestamp":1771223814000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Argon plasma-activated liquid inactivates Helicobacter pylori and resistant hospital pathogens through acidification and reactive species"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Leander","family":"Heisterberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Erbe Elektromedizin GmbH","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Biber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erbe Elektromedizin GmbH","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Neugebauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erbe Elektromedizin GmbH","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Liese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T\u00fcbingen University Hospital, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher C.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Enderle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erbe Elektromedizin GmbH","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Grashorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T\u00fcbingen University Hospital, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/Ac5e1c","article-title":"The 2022 plasma roadmap: low temperature plasma science and technology","volume":"55","author":"Adamovich","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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