{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T17:50:30Z","timestamp":1778953830249,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increasing global incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) calls for urgent attention to the prevention and management of its symptoms. Public awareness and international regulations aimed at banning or reducing antibiotic use require alternative strategies, with probiotics demonstrating promising potential. Recent studies suggest that the combination of different probiotic strains with complementary functions may achieve synergistic effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We selected\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , noted for its mucosal adhesion, and\n                      <jats:italic>Pediococcus acidilactici<\/jats:italic>\n                      , distinguished for its environmental resilience, to investigate their combined effects on the alleviation of symptoms in a mouse model with DSS-induced colitis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results showed that the combined intervention was effective in reducing weight loss in mice with colitis and in mitigating the disease activity score. The combination significantly alleviated conditions such as colonic crypt dysfunction, goblet cell loss, and severe mucosal damage. Serum biochemical indicators revealed that the combined lactic acid bacteria increased the antioxidant capacity of the mice. Furthermore, administration of the combination reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues and increased the mRNA expression levels of tight junction proteins. It partially reversed changes in the gut microbiota in mice with colitis, mainly by increasing the abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria such as\n                      <jats:italic>Akkermansia<\/jats:italic>\n                      , together with increasing short-chain fatty acids production in the cecum.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The current study demonstrates that the combination of\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Pediococcus acidilactici<\/jats:italic>\n                      exerts protective effects against colitis in mice by the enhancement of antioxidant capacity, reduced inflammatory responses, preservation of intestinal barrier integrity, and partial restoration of gut microbiota and its metabolite production. Collectively, the study provides novel insights into the synergistic application of the specific probiotic pair for colitis management.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1773197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T06:58:27Z","timestamp":1772607507000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Lactobacillus acidophilus combined with Pediococcus acidilactici ameliorates colitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Peilin","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Yanbian University","place":["Yanji, China"]},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science and Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University","place":["Yanji, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanming","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Yanbian University","place":["Yanji, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Da-Jeong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingzhu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Yanbian University","place":["Yanji, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chong-Su","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunri","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical College, Yanbian University","place":["Yanji, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fuliang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Yanbian University","place":["Yanji, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Center, Yanbian University","place":["Yanji, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keesun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young Jin","family":"Pyung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheol-Heui","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University","place":["Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lianhua","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Yanbian University","place":["Yanji, China"]},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science and Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University","place":["Yanji, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00770-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00770-17","article-title":"Microbial metabolic networks at the mucus layer lead to diet-independent butyrate and vitamin B12 production by intestinal symbionts","volume":"8","author":"Belzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.16303\/j.cnki.1005-4545.2022.02.10","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus and yeast compound on immunity and antioxidant function of newborn calves","volume":"42","author":"Bo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1096\/fba.2019-00035","article-title":"Weight loss is a sufficient and economical single outcome measure of murine dextran sulfate sodium colitis","volume":"1","author":"Britto","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB Bioadv."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765474","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.765474","article-title":"Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a comprehensive review","volume":"8","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e450","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.282","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila-derived extracellular vesicles influence gut permeability through the regulation of tight junctions","volume":"50","author":"Chelakkot","year":"","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-018-0126-x","article-title":"Mechanisms regulating intestinal barrier integrity and its pathological implications","volume":"50","author":"Chelakkot","year":"","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2020.20.e15","article-title":"The role of butyrate in attenuating pathobiont-induced hyperinflammation","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-5198(19)41298-5","article-title":"Clinicopathologic study of dextran sulfate sodium experimental murine colitis","volume":"69","author":"Cooper","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.1.4.12778","article-title":"Mucin-bacterial interactions in the human oral cavity and digestive tract","volume":"1","author":"Derrien","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530319","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1530319","article-title":"Dietary Pediococcus acidilactici improves the intestinal functions by regulating the expression of intestinal inflammatory genes and intestinal microbiota in aged laying hens at 80-91 weeks of age","volume":"16","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2478317","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2478317","article-title":"Exploring the role of gut microbiota in antibiotic resistance and prevention","volume":"57","author":"Dongre","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.25.0031","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 alleviates Escherichia coli-triggered bovine endometrial epithelial cells damage via the reactive oxygen species-mitochondrial pathway","volume":"38","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11734-8","article-title":"Butyrate-producing bacteria supplemented in vitro to Crohn's disease patient microbiota increased butyrate production and enhanced intestinal epithelial barrier integrity","volume":"7","author":"Geirnaert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00030-10","article-title":"Functional roles of aggregation-promoting-like factor in stress tolerance and adherence of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM","volume":"76","author":"Goh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7247238","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7247238","article-title":"A comprehensive review and update on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"2019","author":"Guan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3817","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043817","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel diseases and gut microbiota","volume":"24","author":"Haneishi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01567","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01567-24","article-title":"The combination of clostridium butyricum and Akkermansia muciniphila mitigates DSS-induced colitis and attenuates colitis-associated tumorigenesis by modulating gut microbiota and reducing CD8+ T cells in mice","volume":"10","author":"Hua","year":"2025","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"Agriculture science","author":"Iduu","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey035","article-title":"Effects of Pediococcus acidilactici, mannan-oligosaccharide, butyric acid and their combination on growth performance and intestinal health in young broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium","volume":"97","author":"Jazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3900","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043900","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila as a next-generation probiotic in modulating human metabolic homeostasis and disease progression: a role mediated by gut-liver-brain axes?","volume":"24","author":"Jian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2023.0482","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin 3 deficiency exacerbates DSS-induced acute colitis via exosomal miR-1260b-mediated barrier disruption and proinflammatory signaling","volume":"42","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24227-z","article-title":"A new way of producing pediocin in Pediococcus acidilactici through intracellular stimulation by internalized inulin nanoparticles","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7866","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial and noxious gas emission in weaning pigs","volume":"97","author":"Lan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2017.07.023","article-title":"Sodium butyrate inhibits the NF-kappa B signaling pathway and histone deacetylation, and attenuates experimental colitis in an IL-10 independent manner","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1826748","article-title":"Butyrate mediates anti-inflammatory effects of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in intestinal epithelial cells through Dact3","volume":"12","author":"Lenoir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10122350","article-title":"Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici reversed ETEC-inducing intestinal inflammation in mice","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-021-0618-6","article-title":"Comparative genomics analysis of Pediococcus acidilactici species","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-025-10653-9","article-title":"Enhancing the adhesion\/colonization efficacy of probiotics by polysaccharide surface decoration for remission from ulcerative colitis","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2017.03.007","article-title":"Mend your fences: the epithelial barrier and its relationship with mucosal immunity in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"4","author":"Martini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15202986","article-title":"The role of probiotics in enhancing animal health: mechanisms, benefits, and applications in livestock and companion animals","volume":"15","author":"M\u00e2rza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-021-01878-5","article-title":"Novelty of synergistic and cytotoxicity activities of silver nanoparticles produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus","volume":"13","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadh1641","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.adh1641","article-title":"The NF-\u03baB signaling system in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390351","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1390351","article-title":"The emerging role of oxidative stress in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Muro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2021.106502","article-title":"Effect of antibiotics on the human microbiome: a systematic review","volume":"59","author":"Nel Van Zyl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i3.1078","article-title":"Role of antibiotics for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"22","author":"Nitzan","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.169","article-title":"The intestinal epithelial barrier: a therapeutic target?","volume":"14","author":"Odenwald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2015.07.010","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota and ulcerative colitis","volume":"21","author":"Ohkusa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-89132007000300018","article-title":"Bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria: purification, properties and use as biopreservatives","volume":"50","author":"Parada","year":"2007","journal-title":"Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00185","article-title":"Intestinal short Chain fatty acids and their link with diet and human health","volume":"7","author":"Rios-Covian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.24.0556","article-title":"Influence of host-specific and locally isolated multi-strain probiotics on piglet performance, mortality, inflammatory response, and gut microbiome","volume":"38","author":"Sahatsanon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10401","DOI":"10.1039\/d3fo04051h","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by modulating the gut microbiota and SCFAs in mice","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111715","article-title":"The influence of probiotics on the Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes ratio in the treatment of obesity and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Stojanov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14334","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14334","article-title":"Sodium butyrate protects against oxidative stress in high-fat-diet-induced obese rats by promoting GSK-3\u03b2\/Nrf2 signaling pathway and mitochondrial function","volume":"46","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31711-1","article-title":"Crohn's disease","volume":"389","author":"Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10259-6","article-title":"Combination of probiotics with different functions alleviate DSS-induced colitis by regulating intestinal microbiota, IL-10, and barrier function","volume":"104","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104871","article-title":"Beneficial and anti-inflammatory effects of formulated prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in normal and acute colitis mice","volume":"88","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608025","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1608025","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease: interaction with intestinal barriers and microbiota-targeted treatment options","volume":"15","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783254","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.783254","article-title":"BAFF blockade attenuates DSS-induced chronic colitis via inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome and NF-\u03baB activation","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4392","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO03312G","article-title":"Liposome-embedded SOD attenuated DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice by ameliorating oxidative stress and intestinal barrier dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030769","article-title":"Recent perspective of Lactobacillus in reducing oxidative stress to prevent disease","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369402","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1369402","article-title":"Impact of Pediococcus acidilactici GLP06 supplementation on gut microbes and metabolites in adult beagles: a comparative analysis","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1773197\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T06:58:29Z","timestamp":1772607509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1773197\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1773197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1773197","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"article-number":"1773197"}}