{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T09:16:35Z","timestamp":1774430195227,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Duck viral hepatitis (DVH) is an acute infectious disease caused by duck hepatitis virus. It is characterized by hepatic hemorrhage, hepatomegaly, and opisthotonos in ducklings, posing a significant threat to the global poultry industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, a potentially novel duck hepatitis A virus type 3 (DHAV-3) strain, designated HNAY2024, was isolated and purified from an immunized duck farm in Henan Province. The complete genome sequence was obtained through whole-genome sequencing and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Meanwhile, in-depth analysis of the VP1 gene was performed to determine its genotype, and key mutation sites were identified through amino acid sequence alignment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The HNAY2024 strain demonstrates vaccine-escape potential and breaks the classical pattern where DHAV-3 primarily causes high mortality in ducklings under one week of age. Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that HNAY2024 shares 91.9%\u201399.9% nucleotide identity with other DHAV-3 reference strains and clusters most closely with the Egyptian strain ZU-ARMY-DHA-36, the Henan strain HNXY23, and the Shandong strain WKX03, indicating its potential dissemination to possibly broader regions. Further analysis of the VP1 gene confirmed that HNAY2024 belongs to genotype I (GI) of DHAV-3. Amino acid alignment identified eight substitutions (V413M, E683Q, V855I, F892S, S1149I, T1151S, E1519G, and K1956E).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The eight identified amino acid mutations are predicted to contribute to adaptive changes in viral antigenicity, replication fitness, and host interactions. Such alterations could influence the viral host range or transmission dynamics, thereby posing potential ecological risks for both domestic poultry and wild birds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1775404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T06:48:24Z","timestamp":1774421304000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Isolation, characterization and whole-genome analysis of a potentially novel strain of duck hepatitis A virus type 3 from a vaccinated duck flock in China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Dan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoqian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuhui","family":"Sang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingqian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12834\/VetIt.2590.16869.2","article-title":"An outbreak of duck hepatitis A virus infection in nomadic ducklings","volume":"58","author":"Annamalai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568565","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.568565","article-title":"Dynamic transcriptome reveals the mechanism of liver injury caused by DHAV-3 infection in Pekin duck","volume":"11","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1637\/aviandiseases-D-19-00158","article-title":"First report of duck hepatitis A virus 3 from duckling flocks of Egypt","volume":"64","author":"Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00234","article-title":"Comparative pathogenicity of duck hepatitis A virus-1 isolates in experimentally infected Pekin and Muscovy ducklings","volume":"7","author":"Hisham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-007-1023-0","article-title":"Recent Korean isolates of duck hepatitis virus reveal the presence of a new geno- and serotype when compared to duck hepatitis virus type 1 type strains","volume":"152","author":"Kim","year":"","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086(2007)51[540:DOORTC]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Development of one-step reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to detect duck hepatitis virus type 1","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81804-0","article-title":"Molecular analysis of duck hepatitis virus type 1 reveals a novel lineage close to the genus Parechovirus in the family Picornaviridae","volume":"87","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12121416","article-title":"The impact of genetic variation on duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) vaccine efficacy: a comparative study of DHAV-1 and DHAV-3 against emerging variant strains","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"1199","article-title":"Structural analysis of the interaction of the pyrimidine tract-binding protein with the internal ribosomal entry site of encephalomyocarditis virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus RNAs","volume":"2","author":"Kolupaeva","year":"1996","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11747","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48170-9","article-title":"Identification of plasticity and interactions of a highly conserved motif within a picornavirus capsid precursor required for virus infectivity","volume":"9","author":"Kristensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12100923","article-title":"Genetic variation analysis and research on biological characteristics of duck hepatitis virus type 3: a comparison between historical strains in Yunnan and recent epidemic strains","volume":"12","author":"Lan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D708","DOI":"10.10903\/nar\/gkx932","article-title":"Virus taxonomy: the database of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (ICTV)","volume":"46","author":"Lefkowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.10.007","article-title":"Genetic characterization of duck hepatitis A viruses isolated in China","volume":"178","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136480","article-title":"PI4KB is an essential host factor for duck hepatitis A virus 1 replication and translation","volume":"281","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2020.144710","article-title":"Effect of duck hepatitis A virus genotype 3 infection on glucose metabolism of Pekin ducklings and underlying mechanism","volume":"748","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.24425\/pjvs.2018.125614","article-title":"Isolation, identification and attenuation of a pathogenic duck hepatitis virus type 1 in China, and complete genomic sequence comparison between the embryo-passaged, attenuated derivatives and their parent","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.11.030","article-title":"Comparative pathogenicity of different subtypes of duck hepatitis A virus in Pekin ducklings","volume":"228","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2008.04.030","article-title":"Genetic diversity of the VP1 gene of duck hepatitis virus type I (DHV-I) isolates from Southeast China is related to isolate attenuation","volume":"137","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101331","article-title":"A viroporin-like 2B protein of duck hepatitis A virus 1 that induces incomplete autophagy in DEF cells","volume":"100","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0132982","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132982","article-title":"Molecular evolution and genetic analysis of the major capsid protein VP1 of duck hepatitis A viruses: implications for antigenic stability","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6333","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez455","article-title":"The pathogenicity of duck hepatitis A virus types 1 and 3 on ducklings","volume":"98","author":"Niu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102042","article-title":"A proposed disease classification system for duck viral hepatitis","volume":"101","author":"Ou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8013","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.72.10.8013-8020.1998","article-title":"Processing of proteinase precursors and their effect on hepatitis A virus particle formation","volume":"72","author":"Probst","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"789","article-title":"Overview on duck virus hepatitis A","volume":"28","author":"Ren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092741","article-title":"Insights into the genetic evolution of duck hepatitis A virus in Egypt","volume":"11","author":"Rohaim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2024.102256","article-title":"Comparative pathogenicity of duck hepatitis A virus genotype 3 in different duck breeds: implications of the diagnosis and prevention of duck viral hepatitis","volume":"114","author":"Shawki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.06.026","article-title":"Oral vaccine of recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing the VP1 protein of duck hepatitis A virus type 3 induces mucosal and systemic immune responses","volume":"37","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119371199","volume-title":"Diseases of Poultry","author":"Swayne","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10040523","article-title":"Development of a subunit vaccine against duck hepatitis A virus serotype 3","volume":"10","author":"Truong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-008-0233-1","article-title":"Classification of duck hepatitis virus into three genotypes based on molecular evolutionary analysis","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.15.62","article-title":"Recent advances from studies on the role of structural proteins in enterovirus infection","volume":"10","author":"Wen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12741","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of duck hepatitis A virus types 1 and 3 in China, 2010-2015","volume":"65","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.05.030","article-title":"Development of a live attenuated duck hepatitis A virus type 3 vaccine (strain SD70)","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"522","article-title":"Sequence analysis of VP1 gene of the duck hepatitis A virus type 3 strains isolated from Shandong Province of China in 2012","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bing Du Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1637\/aviandiseases-D-20-00075","article-title":"Dual circulation of duck hepatitis A virus genotypes 1 and 3 in Egypt","volume":"65","author":"Yehia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.05.023","article-title":"Novel duck hepatitis A virus type 1 isolates from adult ducks showing egg drop syndrome","volume":"221","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.139040","article-title":"DHAV-1 3C protein promotes viral proliferation by antagonizing type I interferon via upregulating the ANXA2 protein","volume":"291","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.4149\/av_2017_409","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of duck hepatitis A virus type 3 in Shandong province of China, 2012-2014","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110770","article-title":"Global dissemination and evolutionary dynamics of duck hepatitis A virus type 3 driven by VP1 gene variation","volume":"311","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107018","article-title":"Advances in the duck hepatitis A virus and lessons learned from those in recent years","volume":"197","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2022.105730","article-title":"Duck hepatitis A virus prevalence in mainland China between 2009 and 2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"208","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1775404\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T06:48:26Z","timestamp":1774421306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1775404\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1775404"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1775404","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"article-number":"1775404"}}