{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T05:45:53Z","timestamp":1785735953139,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) serve as critical nodes for monitoring urban biological hazards, yet the raw influent\u2014the primary entry point for pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)\u2014remains less characterized compared to treated effluent, particularly at the level of individual facilities, as most prior studies have pooled samples or focused on post-treatment matrices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this descriptive study, we performed metagenomic sequencing on influent samples collected from six municipal WWTPs, with each plant treated as an independent unit to profile its specific microbial community, pathogen composition, and antibiotic resistome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Across all samples, a total of 853 bacterial and 232 eukaryotic pathogen species were identified. An exploratory risk index, calculated by integrating species abundance with established risk group classifications, assigned the highest heuristic score to Tangxun Lake (2150), reflecting its concurrent enrichment of both enteric and respiratory pathogens. The pathogen distribution exhibited plant-specific patterns: enteric pathogens including\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Campylobacter jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n                      were predominantly detected in Huangpu road and Nantaizi Lake, whereas respiratory pathogens such as\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n                      were more abundant in Xinzhuang, Jinyang, and Tangxun Lake. A core set of ARGs\u2014comprising multidrug efflux pumps,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      -lactamases, and tetracycline resistance genes\u2014was consistently present across all six facilities, collectively accounting for approximately 60% of the total ARG abundance detected. In addition, exploratory correlations between mobile genetic elements (e.g., plasmids and transposases) and clinically relevant ARGs were observed across the dataset, warranting further investigation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By generating plant-specific hazard inventories rather than pooled averages, this study provides a descriptive baseline that enables facility-specific surveillance prioritization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1780611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T05:29:56Z","timestamp":1785734996000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metagenomic profiling of pathogens and antibiotic resistome in influent of six municipal wastewater treatment plants: a descriptive analysis of plant-specific microbial hazards"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Peixi","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waresi","family":"Tuersong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuolin","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingyan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Zhuxin Water Environment Co., Ltd","place":["Guiyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junlong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11131","DOI":"10.3390\/su132011131","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis reveals the fate of antibiotic resistance genes in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant in Egypt","volume":"13","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-10688-1","article-title":"Azole antifungal resistance in fungal isolates from wastewater treatment plant effluents","volume":"28","author":"Assress","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. 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