{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T06:41:46Z","timestamp":1776235306241,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The global spread of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (TGCs) in\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    limits therapeutic options and poses major challenges for human, animal, and environmental health. The spread of resistance genes, including those for extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs), AmpC-type \u03b2-lactamases, and carbapenemases, has been facilitated by horizontal gene transfer (HGT), often via conjugative plasmids. This plasmid-mediated mobilization has enabled rapid adaptation to front-line antibiotics across diverse bacterial populations and ecological niches. Here, we bring together an integrative synthesis of molecular mechanisms, genetic vehicles, and ecological dynamics of cephalosporin resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , alongside a PRISMA-guided quantitative synthesis of 40 studies that provide data on the fitness consequences of resistance plasmids. We have analyzed a total of 154 experimental observations to identify patterns related to plasmid host background, resistance gene family, and fitness-assay framework. Because multiple observations were frequently contributed by the same study, we accounted for hierarchical structure using mixed-effects models with Study_ID as a random intercept and evaluated key patterns in the full dataset and stratified by assay type (growth curves vs. head-to-head competition assays). Moreover, we found that fitness estimates were sensitive to assay type. For instance, head-to-head competition experiments captured a broader range of deviations from neutrality than growth curve assays, although the apparent difference in mean standardized fitness between assay types was attenuated after accounting for study-level clustering. Across the curated dataset, host-associated and resistance gene-family-associated signals were method-dependent: both were evident overall and in head-to-head competition assays, but were not retained in growth-curve-only subsets. Our analysis supports a context-dependent interpretation in which plasmid-host compatibility, resistance-gene context, ecological setting, and the measurement framework jointly shape the observed fitness consequences and dissemination potential of resistance plasmids across environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1783087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T05:41:41Z","timestamp":1776231701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fitness costs and persistence of plasmid-mediated cephalosporin resistance in Escherichia coli: an integrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"L\u00e1zaro","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microbiolog\u00eda, Colegio de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito","place":["Quito, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Cangui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microbiolog\u00eda, Colegio de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito","place":["Quito, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denyss","family":"Guilcazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microbiolog\u00eda, Colegio de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito","place":["Quito, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microbiolog\u00eda, Colegio de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito","place":["Quito, Ecuador"]},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade dos A\u00e7ores","place":["Ponta Delgada, Portugal"]},{"name":"CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, P\u00f3lo dos A\u00e7ores, Universidade dos A\u00e7ores","place":["Ponta Delgada, Portugal"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary D.","family":"Blount","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Genetics, and Immunology, Michigan State University","place":["East Lansing, MI, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Trueba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microbiolog\u00eda, Colegio de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito","place":["Quito, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/S41467-023-38022-6","article-title":"Tradeoff between lag time and growth rate drives the plasmid acquisition cost","volume":"14","author":"Ahmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65342","DOI":"10.3791\/65342","article-title":"Daily transfers, archiving populations, and measuring fitness in the long-term evolution experiment with Escherichia coli","volume":"198","author":"Barrick","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vis. 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