{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T06:37:35Z","timestamp":1777012655043,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global burden of cardiovascular disease continues to increase, and there is an urgent need to revolutionize traditional prevention and treatment strategies. In recent years, in-depth research on the \u201cgut axis\u201d has revealed the core role of gut microbiota and its metabolites in regulating cardiovascular health through intestinal inflammation. However, the heterogeneity of intestinal inflammation limits its clinical treatment and translational efficacy. In this review, we propose a classification system for intestinal inflammation based on the \u201cmicrobiota metabolite immune disease\u201d axis, which decomposes the general concept of \u201cintestinal inflammation\u201d into five operable molecular subtypes: trimethylamine N-oxide-driven, lipopolysaccharide imbalance, short-chain fatty acid imbalance, aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand-regulated, and bile acid metabolic disorder types. Each subtype has a unique microbial composition, characteristic metabolite profile, specific receptors, and signaling pathways. Based on this classification, we constructed a personalized and precise treatment approach, with \u201cdietary intervention as the basis, microbial preparations as the core, and drug intervention as the supplement.\u201d In response to the common phenomenon of multiple overlapping subtypes in clinical practice, we propose a personalized adjustment principle of \u201ccore contradiction priority, collaborative measures, and taboo avoidance.\u201d<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1783688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T05:41:59Z","timestamp":1777009319000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Classification of intestinal inflammation driven by gut microbiota metabolites: a new paradigm for precision treatment of cardiovascular diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Dahua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61101767","article-title":"TMAO and cardiovascular disease: exploring its potential as a biomarker","volume":"61","author":"Amaritei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.07.005","article-title":"Quantifying the varying harvest of fermentation products from the human gut microbiota","volume":"188","author":"Arnoldini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2015.1088935","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids produced by synbiotic mixtures in skim milk differentially regulate proliferation and cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"66","author":"Asarat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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