{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T06:04:44Z","timestamp":1781071484385,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88882.425741\/2019-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88882.425741\/2019-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100023029","name":"Fulbright Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100023029","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We find that enolase, an evolutionarily conserved and multifunctional protein, is displayed on the cell surface of\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania amazonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites in a developmentally regulated manner, associated with infectivity.\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    surface enolase acts as a parasite virulence factor. Specifically, surface exposure of enolase is limited to the infective metacyclic promastigote form in viable parasites. Correspondingly,\n                    <jats:italic>L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    surface enolase plays a role specifically in the adhesion of parasites to host macrophages, the target cell type for productive infection. Surface enolase also may be involved in triggering the immunologically quiescent host response associated with early\n                    <jats:italic>L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. The display of enolase on the\n                    <jats:italic>L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    promastigote parallels its exposure on the surface of apoptotic cells of metazoans as well as on the surface of bacteria and other pathogens that appear to mimic apoptotic cells. As in the case of enolase displayed on the apoptotic cell surface, externalized\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    enolase lacks glycolytic enzymatic activity. Our data reinforce the view that surface enolase functions significantly in the interaction of viable host cells with apoptotic corpses and with pathogens that exploit apoptotic mimicry.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1789827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T05:41:51Z","timestamp":1781070111000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surface enolase is a virulence factor of Leishmania amazonensis metacyclic promastigotes involved in adhesion to macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Franciane","family":"dos Santos Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Bioci\u00eancias Aplicadas a Sa\u00fade, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro","place":["Maca\u00e9, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisvane","family":"Paes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro","place":["Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta Teixeira","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro","place":["Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzana Passos","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Bioci\u00eancias Aplicadas a Sa\u00fade, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro","place":["Maca\u00e9, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello Andr\u00e9","family":"Barcinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro","place":["Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Roberto","family":"Meyer-Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro","place":["Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Ucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois","place":["Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Luiz Mendes","family":"Wanderley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Bioci\u00eancias Aplicadas a Sa\u00fade, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro","place":["Maca\u00e9, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0108018","article-title":"Interactions with apoptotic but not with necrotic neutrophils increase parasite burden in human macrophages infected with Leishmania amazonensis.","volume":"84","author":"Afonso","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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