{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:02:59Z","timestamp":1781103779098,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID-19 remains associated with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly among hospitalized patients. Vaccination has been shown to reduce disease severity; however, real-world data comparing outcomes between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients and among different vaccine types remain limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included 478 hospitalized patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Demographic characteristics, vaccination status, comorbidities, disease severity, clinical outcomes, and mortality were assessed. Comparative analyses were performed between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to identify independent predictors of survival. A head-to-head comparison evaluated the impact of different vaccine types on hospitalization and outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean age of patients was 60.63\u202f\u00b1\u202f13.86\u202fyears, and 56.9% were female. Most patients were unvaccinated (74.9%). Overall mortality was 19.46%. Vaccinated patients demonstrated a significantly higher recovery rate (67.5% vs. 35.75%) and lower mortality (12.5% vs. 21.79%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05) compared with unvaccinated patients. Disease severity was significantly lower among vaccinated patients, with a greater proportion requiring only nasal cannula or simple mask oxygen therapy (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Multivariable logistic regression identified milder disease severity, absence of comorbidities, and Moderna vaccination as independent predictors of survival, while the need for CPAP or mechanical ventilation was strongly associated with reduced survival. Head-to-head comparison among different vaccine types showed no significant differences in hospital stay duration, outcomes, mortality rates, PCR results, or disease severity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID-19 vaccination was associated with improved clinical outcomes, reduced disease severity, and lower mortality among hospitalized patients. Disease severity and comorbidity burden were the strongest predictors of survival. No significant differences were observed among vaccine types in clinical outcomes. These findings support the protective role of COVID-19 vaccination in reducing severe disease and mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1792503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T06:50:35Z","timestamp":1772175035000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of COVID-19 vaccination and vaccine type on morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients: a retrospective cohort study in Egypt"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nehal Mohamed","family":"Eisa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Department at Giza Health Affairs Directorate, MOHP","place":["Giza, Egypt"]},{"name":"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University","place":["Cairo, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramy M.","family":"El Sabaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University","place":["Menoufia, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shrouq Sayed","family":"Abdelrazik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Department at Giza Health Affairs Directorate, MOHP","place":["Giza, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rana A.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Department at Giza Health Affairs Directorate, MOHP","place":["Giza, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa M.","family":"Gaballah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Department at Giza Health Affairs Directorate, MOHP","place":["Giza, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem S.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Department at Giza Health Affairs Directorate, MOHP","place":["Giza, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nourhan M.","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Department at Giza Health Affairs Directorate, MOHP","place":["Giza, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Department at Giza Health Affairs Directorate, MOHP","place":["Giza, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Essam Abou","family":"Warda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University","place":["Giza, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seif","family":"El Hadidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy Department, School of Life and Medical Sciences","place":["Hertfordshire, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba","family":"Khaled","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University","place":["Cairo, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Giza Memorial Institute for Ophthalmic Research","place":["Giza, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haidy M.","family":"Sami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology","place":["Gamasa, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa M.","family":"Bahaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University","place":["New Damietta, Egypt"]},{"name":"Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura National University","place":["Gamasa, Egypt"]},{"name":"Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, East Port Said National University","place":["Port Said, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayam Ali","family":"AlRasheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelrahman S. H.","family":"Refaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Department at Giza Health Affairs Directorate, MOHP","place":["Giza, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e486","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2023.69","article-title":"Potential adverse effects of covid-19 vaccines on Iranian healthcare workers: comparison of four available vaccines in Tehran: a retrospective cross-sectional study","volume":"38","author":"Abdollahi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oman Med. 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