{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:09:28Z","timestamp":1789168168353,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Research on the gut-brain axis in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) has historically focused on bacteria, overlooking fungal contributions. This review synthesizes emerging evidence to propose that intestinal fungi may actively contribute to NDD pathophysiology through multikingdom interactions, though causality requires validation. We delineate a consistent gut mycobiota dysbiosis signature across autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Rett syndrome (RTT) characterized by reduced diversity and Candida expansion. Potential mechanisms include compromised intestinal barrier integrity, systemic immune activation via Dectin-1\/Syk\/CARD9 signaling, and disruption of neuroactive metabolites like short-chain fatty acids. We propose distinct etiological pathways: a \u201ctop-down\u201d cascade in RTT, where\n                    <jats:italic>MeCP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutation-induced dysmotility creates a pro-dysbiotic niche, and a \u201cbottom-up\u201d pathway in ASD and ADHD, where bacterial dysbiosis erodes colonization resistance, permitting fungal overgrowth. This \u201cbacteria\u2013fungi\u2013host\u201d framework provides a coherent explanation for gut-brain axis disruptions and opens avenues for biomarker discovery and multikingdom therapeutic interventions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1798439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T05:41:37Z","timestamp":1778132497000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The role of the gut mycobiota in neurodevelopmental disorders: a multikingdom disruption of the gut-brain axis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Teacher Education, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong","place":["Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Clinical Psychology Program, Department of Psychology, School of Graduate Studies, Integrated Research Track in Psychopathology and Neuropsychology, Bio\u2013Psycho\u2013Medical Interdisciplinary Research Group, Independent Chinese Personal Research Unit, Manuel L. Quezon University","place":["Quezon City, Philippines"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Li","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University)","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia-Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang","place":["Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Tian","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University)","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]},{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]},{"name":"School of Medicine, Northwest University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1467","article-title":"Surface phenotype and antigenic specificity of human interleukin 17-producing T helper memory cells.","volume":"8","author":"Acosta-Rodriguez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. 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