{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:23:28Z","timestamp":1791195808113,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Landfill leachate is a critical reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), posing prominent risks to groundwater, especially in semi-arid regions. This study focused on the performance of landfill leachate treatment system in Hohhot (Inner Mongolia, semi-arid region), investigating the seasonal variation across three seasons (spring, summer, and autumn), migration characteristics, and control effect of ARGs\/MGEs through process optimization-oriented monitoring. Metagenomic sequencing was employed to analyze four key matrices (raw leachate, ultrafiltration effluent, treated leachate, and adjacent groundwater) across three seasons. The treatment system achieved efficient removal of conventional pollutants but failed to eliminate ARGs, MGEs, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Instead, it enriched high-risk hosts (e.g., Pseudomonas_E) and transposases (e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic>tnpA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), exacerbating horizontal gene transfer potential. ARGs abundance showed pronounced peaks in summer and autumn among the sampled seasons. Notably, the resistome profile of treated leachate was highly similar to that of groundwater, indicating incomplete ARG containment and hydrological connectivity between the treatment system and groundwater. A dual-track health-environmental risk framework was applied to the detected ARG subtypes, revealing that overall risk burden was concentrated in a small set of high-priority determinants. The top contributors were dominated by mobility- and co-selection\u2013linked markers (\n                    <jats:italic>intI1, tnpA, IS6100, IS26, and qacE\u25b31<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) together with clinically relevant resistance genes (\n                    <jats:italic>sul1, aacA, and aadA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), underscoring the coupling between resistance functions and genetic mobility in the leachate\u2013groundwater continuum. Collectively, these findings indicate that semi-arid landfill systems can act as both sinks and sources of high-risk resistance determinants, and they highlight the need to integrate ARGs\/MGEs-targeted treatment upgrades, seasonally adaptive operational strategies, and risk-based dual-track monitoring into leachate management. This study therefore provides actionable engineering insights for optimizing leachate treatment performance and mitigating cross-media contamination in water-scarce environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1807935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T05:44:11Z","timestamp":1778823851000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Control efficacy and groundwater risk of antibiotic resistance genes in semi-arid landfill leachate treatment: seasonal insights and engineering implications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ning","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaying","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment Health, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengzhen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenghu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]},{"name":"Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment","place":["Nanjing, China"]},{"name":"Eastern Regional Technology Center of Hazardous Waste Environmental Risk Prevention and Control","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinqiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangxuan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaoyi","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weitao","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040374","article-title":"Potential environmental and human health risks caused by antibiotic-resistant Bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and emerging contaminants (ECs) from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill","volume":"10","author":"Anand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-024-01046-8","article-title":"AMR and sustainable development goals: at a crossroads","volume":"20","author":"Aslam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob. 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Mater."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1807935\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T05:44:12Z","timestamp":1778823852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1807935\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1807935"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1807935","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"article-number":"1807935"}}