{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T06:04:30Z","timestamp":1780034670104,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breastfeeding is crucial for the development of infant gut microbiota and long-term health. The influence of geographical residency on the composition and interactions among milk and gut microbiota, their metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infant stool (0-12 months) and breast milk samples (1-30 days postpartum) were collected from 69 dyads living in rural or urban Manitoba, including 10 mothers diagnosed as gestational diabetes, for microbiota and SCFA analyses using 16S rRNA sequencing or gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Infant gut microbiota maturity was significantly higher in rural infants during the early infancy (0-2 months) compared to urban infants, but urban infants surpassed their rural counterparts during late infancy (6-12 months). Mature milk from urban mothers contained higher levels of\n                      <jats:italic>Veillonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Alistipes<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and lower isobutyric acid than mature milk from rural mothers. A significant correlation of\n                      <jats:italic>Alistipes<\/jats:italic>\n                      between milk and infant stool was detected in urban dyads, and milk-gut sharing of\n                      <jats:italic>Blautia<\/jats:italic>\n                      was observed in rural dyads. Rural infants exhibited higher levels of fecal\n                      <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Odoribacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and acetic acid. Urban infant stool contained higher levels of\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Akkermansia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Ruminococcaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and valeric acid.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The gut microbiota of rural infants showed unstable microbial succession, while urban infants displayed strong gut-gut continuity, suggesting stable maturation and potential health benefits. The results of the present study revealed distinct patterns and interactions of microbiota and SCFAs in breast milk and infants\u2019 stool from rural versus urban dyads.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1814630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T06:00:59Z","timestamp":1780034459000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinct patterns and interactions of microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in breast milk and infant gut from rural and urban dyads"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Saeid","family":"Khakisahneh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunseo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruozhi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biodiversity Conservation and Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garry X.","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, MB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.06.05.597641","article-title":"Early life gut microbial and metabolic shifts reflected in stool consistency- a gut transit time proxy","author":"Aatsinki","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00427","article-title":"The intestinal microbiome in early life: health and disease","volume":"5","author":"Arrieta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. 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