{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T06:05:02Z","timestamp":1780553102713,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Host immune status critically influences susceptibility to viral infections; however, the impact of cytokine-driven innate immune differentiation on viral permissiveness remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether IL-4-mediated monocyte differentiation modulates porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. Porcine monocytes were differentiated in the presence of GM-CSF with or without IL-4 to generate monocyte-derived cells (MDCs). Notably, PRRSV replication was significantly higher in MDCs generated without IL-4 compared to those differentiated in the presence of IL-4, which was strongly associated with increased CD163 expression. Consistently, CD163 expression was downregulated in an IL-4-dependent manner. Following PRRSV infection, MDCs differentiated without IL-4 exhibited reduced TNF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    production but elevated IL-6 and IL-10 levels. In addition, MDCs generated without IL-4 showed increased expression of CD80 and SLA-1 and significantly impaired the proliferation of autologous CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells compared to MDCs differentiated with IL-4.\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    analysis further revealed a negative correlation between plasma IL-4 levels and CD163 expression in alveolar MDCs of PRRSV-infected pigs, which was associated with increased proportions of CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that IL-4-mediated innate immune programming regulates cellular permissiveness to PRRSV infection and may contribute to protective host immune responses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1817131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:40:08Z","timestamp":1780551608000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["IL-4-mediated monocyte differentiation modulates CD163 expression and PRRSV infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Narae","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Jun","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon-Chul","family":"Kye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheol Gyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Jin","family":"Pyung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da-Jeong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun-Jong","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AN R&D Center, CJ Feed and Care","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hakhyun","family":"Ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University","place":["Wonju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Hyun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheol-Heui","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University","place":["Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00800.x","article-title":"Yersinia enterocolitica YopP inhibits MAP kinase-mediated antigen uptake in dendritic cells","volume":"9","author":"Autenrieth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell. 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